土地利用方式对万木林土壤氨氧化微生物丰度的影响

以我国亚热带地区典型花岗岩发育酸性红壤为研究对象,选取福建建瓯万木林自然保护区封禁保护下5种自然植被和1种人工种植植被土壤,采用荧光实时定量PCR(Real-time PCR)技术测定了土壤氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)的群落丰度,采用15N稳定同位素成对标记和数值模型相结合的方法测定了土壤初级硝化速率。结果显示,长期封禁保护下的自然植被土壤pH低,土壤AOB数量偏低。人为种植和管理显著提高了土壤pH,促进了AOB的生长,其丰度比自然条件下提高了2个数量级,土壤初级硝化速率也显著提高,并与AOB数量存在显著的相关性,表明AOB是硝化作用的主要贡献者。5种自然植被条件下AOA的amoA基因拷贝数占泉古菌16S rRNA基因的比例都小于1%(0.01%～0.64%),在农业利用方式下上升到5.32%,表明并非所有泉古菌都具备氨氧化功能基因amoA,氮肥施用可能促进了氨氧化古菌的生长。     

Compound specific plant amino acid δ15N values differ with functional plant strategies in temperate grassland

The distribution and natural abundance isotopic (δ¹⁵N) content of whole tissue and individual amino acids in plants in a temperate grassland were determined using ion chromatography (IC), continuous flow‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CF‐IRMS), and gas chromatography‐combustion‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC‐C‐IRMS). The results showed that the selected plants (Lolium perenne, Juncus effusus, and Brachythecium rutabulum) differed in their amino acid content and distribution from the parent grassland soil. Bulk and individual amino acid δ¹⁵N isotope signatures were different between the plants, which concurred with their functional strategy in relation to the relative acquisition of available N sources. The individual amino acid δ¹⁵N values of histidine and phenylalanine could be used to differentiate between the three plant species.     

稳定性氮同位素技术研究太湖梅梁湾区域营养盐差异

稳定同位素技术通常用于指示外源输入对环境的影响,采用该技术分析了太湖北部不同湖区悬浮颗粒有机物和浮游动物的碳氮稳定同位素比值的差异。结果表明,不同粒径的悬浮颗粒有机物和浮游动物稳定同位素比值存在显著的季节变化,夏季普遍高于冬季,其中δ13C高3.19‰~7.21‰,δ15N高4.20‰~9.36‰。各有机物δ13C不能有效区分各湖区的环境差异,而δ15N在各湖区存在显著差异。δ15N聚类分析显示,河口区由于受外源输入的影响,其δ15N显著低于其他湖区,单独聚为一类,而交汇处和湖心区影响较小,同河口区存在显著差异。整体来讲,总颗粒有机物和浮游动物δ15N同水体TP浓度呈显著正相关,同总溶解性无机氮浓度、铵根离子浓度呈显著负相关。可见,太湖北部悬浮颗粒有机物和浮游动物δ15N受环境营养盐差异的影响强烈,悬浮颗粒有机物δ15N可以作为指示湖区区域差异的有效指标。     

Organic matter in density fractions of water-stable aggregates in silty soils: Effect of land use

The location of soil organic matter (SOM) within the soil matrix is considered a major factor determining its turnover, but quantitative information about the effects of land cover and land use on the distribution of SOM at the soil aggregate level is rare. We analyzed the effect of land cover/land use (spruce forest, grassland, wheat and maize) on the distribution of free particulate organic matter (POM) with a density <1.6 g cm⁻³ (free POM_<1.6), occluded particulate organic matter with densities <1.6 g cm⁻³ (occluded POM_<1.6) and 1.6-2.0 g cm⁻³ (occluded POM_1.6-2.0) and mineral-associated SOM (>2.0 g cm⁻³) in size classes of slaking-resistant aggregates (53-250, 250-1000, 1000-2000, >2000 μm) and in the sieve fraction <53 μm from silty soils by applying a combined aggregate size and density fractionation procedure. We also determined the turnover time of soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions at the aggregate level in the soil of the maize site using the ¹³C/¹²C isotope ratio. SOM contents were higher in the grassland soil aggregates than in those of the arable soils mainly because of greater contents of mineral-associated SOM. The contribution of occluded POM to total SOC in the A horizon aggregates was greater in the spruce soil (23-44%) than in the grassland (11%) and arable soils (19%). The mass and carbon content of both the free and occluded POM fractions were greater in the forest soil than in the grassland and arable soils. In all soils, the C/N ratios of soil fractions within each aggregate size class decreased in the following order: free POM_<1.6>occluded POM_<1.6-2.0>mineral-associated SOM. The mean age of SOC associated with the <53 μm mineral fraction of water-stable aggregates in the Ap horizon of the maize site varied between 63 and 69 yr in aggregates >250 μm, 76 yr in the 53-250 μm aggregate class, and 102 yr in the sieve fraction <53 μm. The mean age of SOC in the occluded POM increased with decreasing aggregate size from 20 to 30 yr in aggregates >1000 μm to 66 yr in aggregates <53 μm. Free POM had the most rapid rates of C-turnover, with residence times ranging from 10 yr in the fraction >2000 μm to 42 yr in the fraction 53-250 μm. Results indicated that SOM in slaking-resistant aggregates was not a homogeneous pool, but consisted of size/density fractions exhibiting different composition and stability. The properties of these fractions were influenced by the aggregate size. Land cover/land use were important factors controlling the amount and composition of SOM fractions at the aggregate level.     

西瓜稳定同位素与多元素特征分析及其产地溯源技术研究

本研究旨在利用稳定同位素与多元素分析技术结合化学计量学统计方法,开发不同省份西瓜产地溯源新策略。通过元素分析仪-同位素比质谱和电感耦合等离子质谱测定新疆、山东、广西、海南等产地的73份西瓜样本的碳、氮、氢、氧稳定同位素比值(δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H、δ¹⁸O)与16种矿物元素含量(Na、K、Ca、Sr、Ba、Pb等)。单因素方差统计分析表明,δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H、δ¹⁸O值与Na、K、Ca、Cr、Mn等元素含量特征在各省份西瓜样本间具有显著差异(P<0.05),但单一变量不足以将4个产地的西瓜完全进行区分。通过典则判别分析进行多变量统计分析,提取特征变量,构建线性判别函数,可以实现4个省份西瓜样本的原产地区分。该方法对新疆、山东、海南样本判别准确度高达100%,而广西样本判别率为71.4%,误判为海南产地概率为28.6%。由此可知,该策略能够实现大尺度地理空间的西瓜产地溯源,为其产地标识确证和优质品牌保护提供了有效的技术手段。     

毛乌素沙地东南缘人工林樟子松根系吸水来源与影响因素

水资源短缺是我国西北旱区沙漠化防治和植被恢复重建的主要限制因子。揭示典型治沙植物根系吸水来源及其主控因子可为该地区科学治沙和水资源高效利用提供依据。本研究选取毛乌素沙地东南缘圪丑沟小流域樟子松人工林（18 – 20 年）为研究对象,通过定期采集和测定植物木质部水及其各种潜在水源（降水、土壤水和地下水）的氢氧同位素组成（δ2H和δ18O）,结合多元线性混合模型研究樟子松根系吸水来源、动态变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明：监测期间（6—11月）樟子松木质部水、降水、土壤水和地下水的δ2H值变化范围分别为?69.95‰~ ?49.25‰、?144.81‰ ~ ?6.60‰、?83.62‰ ~ ?48.57‰和?65.63‰ ~ ?53.65‰,δ18O值变化范围分别为?8.77‰ ~ ?8.21‰、?18.86‰~ ?2.07‰、?9.45‰ ~ ?6.54‰和?9.97‰ ~ ?8.26‰。雨季（7—9月）降雨量、土壤含水量和地下水位分别高于旱季（6月,10月和11月）24.8 ~ 90.10 mm,3.36 ~ 8.40%和5 ~ 15 cm。樟子松根系在6月主要利用深层土壤水（> 90 cm）（15.40%）和地下水（70.10%）,7—9月逐渐转变为以吸收浅层土壤水（< 80 cm）为主（61.03%）,10—11月随着降雨量减少,深层土壤水（> 70 cm）和地下水对樟子松根系吸水的贡献比雨季（7—9月）分别增加5.82% ~ 28.00%和20.64% ~ 23.30%。毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林根系吸水来源受土壤水分供耗和地下水位季节波动的共同影响。     

大气CH_4中碳稳定同位素组成的PreCon-GC/C-IRMS系统测定

利用预浓缩装置-气相色谱,燃烧-同位素比值质谱仪(PreCon-GC/C-IRMS)联用系统,建立了就采样、浓缩和在线质谱分析大气CH_4中稳定碳同位素组成的测定方法.通过多组试验对比,分析并讨论了利用PreCon-GC/C-IRMS联用技术测定大气CH_4中碳稳定同位素比值的试验条件、系统线性、稳定性及准确度和精密度等.结果表明,在本研究方法条件下,当离子流强度在1.0～20 V时,系统线性良好(斜率S=0.04%./V),在4.0～15 V内其线性(斜率S=0.03%./V)优于总体线性;系统测量稳定性可靠,δ~(13)C值的测定结果的S.D<0.3‰,最大偏差<0.5‰,回收率达99.99%,准确度和精度均符合分析与研究要求.利用该系统对室内和室外草坪地空气中CH_4的碳稳定同位素组成做初步测试,其碳同位素的平均值分别为-31.358‰和-33.085%.,且相同地点区域空气中CH_4的δ~(13)C值,在1d内和不同日期间的变化均在0.5‰以内,重现性良好.     

Extractability of labelled microbial biomass N by electro-ultrafiltration and CaCl2 extraction

A laboratory soil incubation and a pot experiment with ryegrass were carried out in order to examine the extractability of microbial biomass N by using either 10-mM CaCl₂ extraction or the electro-ultrafiltration (EUF) method. The aim of the experiment was to test the hypothesis whether the organic N (Norg) extracted by EUF or CaCl₂ from dried soil samples represents a part of the microbial biomass. For the laboratory incubation a ¹⁵N-labelled Escherichia coli suspension was mixed with the soil. For the pot experiment a suspension of ¹⁵N-labelled bacteria was applied which had previously been isolated from the soil used. Soil samples of both treatments, with and without applied bacterial suspension, were extracted by EUF and CaCl₂. The extractability of applied microbial biomass was estimated from the difference in extractable Norg between the two treatments. In addition, the N isotopic composition in the upper plant matter, in the soil, and in organic and inorganic N fractions of EUF and CaCl₂ extracts was analysed. Both experiments showed that the applied microbial biomass was highly accessible to mineralization and thus represented potentially mineralizable N. However, this mineralizable N was not extractable by CaCl₂ or by the EUF method. It was, therefore, concluded that the organic N released on soil drying and which was thus extractable was derived from the non-biomass soil organic matter. The result suggests that both extraction methods may provide a suitable index for mineralizable N only in cases where the decomposable organic substrates are derived mainly from sources other than the living soil biota.Dedicated to Professor J. C. G. Ottow on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Combining field incubation with nitrogen-15 labelling to examine nitrogen transformations in low to high intensity grassland management systems

 The ¹⁵N isotope dilution method was combined with a field incubation technique to provide simultaneous measurements of gross and net rates of N turnover in three long-term swards: unfertilized (Z) or receiving N either from N fixation as clover (C), or as 200 kg fertilizer N ha^–1 year^–1 (F). Uniform N enrichment of soil microplots was achieved with a multi-point soil injector to measure mineralization/immobilization turnover and nitrification over a 4-day incubation. Net rates of mineralization ranged between 0.6 and 2.9 μg N g^–1 day^–1 and in all three treatments were approximately half the gross rates. Nitrification rates (gross) were between 1.0 and 1.6 μg N g^–1 day^–1. In the F treatment, the turnover of NH₄ ⁺-N and NO₃ ^–-N pools was on a 2- and 4-day cycle, respectively, whereas in the N-limited treatments (C and Z) turnover rates were faster, with the NO₃ ^–-N pools turning over twice as fast as the NH₄ ⁺-N pools. Therefore, available N was recycled more efficiently in the C and Z treatments, whereas in the F treatment a higher N pool size was maintained which would be more vulnerable to leakage. A large proportion of the added ¹⁵N was recovered in the soil microbial biomass (SMB), which represented a 4–5 times larger sink for N than the plant biomass. Although the C treatment had a significantly lower SMB than the grass-only treatments, there were no differences in microbial activity. Gross rates of nitrification increased along the gradient of N input intensity (i.e. Z<C<F), and the addition of a nitrification inhibitor (C₂H₂) tended to increase microbial immobilization, but did not influence plant N uptake. In this study, the value of combining different techniques to verify net rates was demonstrated and the improved methodology for ¹⁵N labelling of soil enabled measurements to be obtained from relatively undisturbed soil under natural field conditions. Received: 25 May 1999     

Isotope 15N enrichment of soil-ammonium N as a reference to estimate N2 fixation by stem and root-inoculated S. rostrata

Summary A pot experiment in the greenhouse was conducted to compare the contribution of N derived from the atmosphere or from biological N₂ fixation by Sesbania rostrata inoculated with Azorhizobium caulinodans, applied either to roots or to roots and stems (single or multiple stem inoculation). Two subsequent crops were grown for 50 days under flooded conditions. N derived from air was estimated by ¹⁵N dilution using ¹⁵N enrichment of soil NH _inf4 ^sup+ -N and of Echinochloa crusgalli as the non-N₂-fixing reference datum and compared with estimates obtained by the N-difference method. The first crop was grown to stabilize the ¹⁵N into the soil organic N fraction. The ¹⁵N enrichment of soil NH _inf4 ^sup+ -N in the second crop declined slowly. The extractability ratio (¹⁵N enrichment of extractable soil N to ¹⁵N enrichment of total soil N) decreased from 4.8 to 4.1 50 days after planting. The enrichment of soil NH _inf4 ^sup+ -N was comparable to that of E. crus-galli, resulting in similar estimates of N derived from air when either soil NH _inf4 ^sup+ -N or enrichment of E. crus-galli was used as a non-fixing reference. The N-difference method did not always provide reliable estimates of N derived from air; percentages ranged from 75 to more than 80 by 50 days after planting in both crops and did not differ among treatments. The study demonstrates the potential of using ¹⁵N enrichment of soil NH _inf4 ^sup+ -N as a non-N₂-fixing reference for reliable BNF estimates of crops in lowland puddled soil.