Fluctuation in the distribution of low-salinity water in the North Equatorial Current and its effect on the larval transport of the Japanese eel

Surface water in the North Equatorial Current (NEC) is composed of southern low‐salinity water diluted by precipitation to less than 34.2 psu and northern, high‐salinity tropical water greater than 34.8 psu. Analyses of 27‐year historical data, observed in winter and summer along the longitude 137°E by the Japan Meteorological Agency, shows that an obvious salinity front (34.5 psu) generated by the two water masses was usually located around 15°N. However, the salinity front has been moving northward during the past three decades. El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affected salinity in the surface layer, while temperature changed in the middle layer. The salinity front sometimes moved southward, mainly south of 5°N, and the movement was well correlated with the southern oscillation index (SOI). Because precipitation at Yap (9.5°N, 138.1°E) fluctuated with SOI, this spike‐like southward movement of the salinity front was probably affected by reduction of low‐salinity water during El Niño in the north‐western Pacific Ocean. However, ENSO only induced such large southward movements of the salinity front when the time lag between the low precipitation and low SOI was short (within four months). This salinity front is quite important for long‐distance migrating fish such as the Japanese eel because the eels spawn just south of the salinity front in the NEC. This behaviour suggests that the movement of the salinity front associated with ENSO may control the success of larval transport from the spawning ground in the NEC to the nursery ground in East Asia. In fact, catch of the Japanese eel larvae in Japan was well correlated with fluctuation of SOI and the location of the salinity front, and lower catch occurred during El Niño. The salinity front has moved from 13°N to 17°N during the past three decades. Considering that conditions of larval transport are worse north of 15°N, we suggest that decadal‐scale linear decrease of glass eel catch during the past three decades also can be explained by the displacement of the salinity front.     

The ameliorative effect of ascorbic acid on the oxidative status,live weight and recovery rate in road transport stressed goats in a hot humid tropical environment

The ameliorative effect of ascorbic acid (AA) on live weight following transportation is vital in animal husbandry. This study investigated the influence of AA on live weight, rectal temperature (rt), and oxidative status of transport stressed goats in a hot humid tropical environment. Twenty‐four goats were divided into four groups, A, B, C and D of six animals each. Group A were administered AA 100 mg/kg intramuscularly 30 min prior to 3.5 h transportation. Group B was administered AA following transportation. Group C were transported but not administered AA as positive controls while group D were not transported but were administered normal saline as negative controls. Live weight, rt and blood samples were collected before, immediately post‐transport (pt), 24 h, 3 days, 7 days and 10 days pt. Plasma was used for malondialdehyde (MDA) analysis while hemolysates were used for superoxide dismutase (SOD) analysis. There was minimal live weight loss in group A compared to groups B and C. Group A recorded reduced MDA activities and increased SOD activities compared to groups B and C which recorded significantly high MDA activities. This study revealed that AA administration ameliorated the stress responses induced by transportation in animals in hot humid tropical environments. The administration of AA to goats prior to transportation could ameliorate stress and enhance productivity.     

农药非点源模拟研究进展：流失、传输及归趋

农药非点源污染指农药自田块流失产生经水沙传输到水体,并通过迁移转化最终进入并残留在各个环境介质中,从而对生态环境产生不利影响的污染,非点源模拟模型能为农药污染防控和管理提供更科学的理论和技术支撑。本文通过对国内外研究进行梳理,从农药环境流失、传输、归趋的角度,综述了各类模型的方法、特点和应用。对代表性模型进行综合分析,总结出现有模型存在的问题,即对农药环境行为考虑不完善、结果存在不确定性以及对决策和管理支持不足等,并从多方面对模型进行了展望,未来农药非点源模拟将向机理化、精准化、动态化和决策支撑等方向发展。     

植物离体嫁接的方法和研究进展(综述)

介绍了离体嫁接的特点和方法并且概括了其组织学和细胞学发育、同化物输导以及生化研究等方面的进展.     

基于农业冷链物流的智能监测系统的设计与实现

在冷链物流的运输过程中,很多车辆因为生产年限较早,其环境保温的稳定性差,同时对车内环境的实时监控手段缺乏。所以这些冷链物流车辆在运输过程中农产品的生理状况难以监管,最终导致产品运输到目的地时可能已经处于腐坏状态。现有的装置体积较大,造价也不菲。所以我们设计一款便携,功能齐全,造价较低的冷链物流在线监管设备,其可以通过物联网传感器,对冷链车内的环境进行监控,方便农产品的运输。     

NaCl胁迫对4个树种体内离子分布的影响

通过对木栓榆、厚叶榆、醉翁榆、黄连木4个树种盆栽苗在Na Cl胁迫下不同组织中离子动态分布的研究,结果表明:1厚叶榆、木栓榆Na+总含量均随盐处理浓度的增大而提高,醉翁榆、黄连木Na+总含量不呈单一变化趋势;Na+在4个树种中分布趋势是根最大,茎次之,叶最小。2木栓榆、黄连木、厚叶榆3树种在4 mg/g盐度以下根向茎、叶选择性地运输K+而限制Na+的运输,5 mg/g盐度后根向茎、叶选择性地运输方式正好相反;醉翁榆随盐梯度的升高,根向茎、叶选择性地运输Mg2+而限制Na+的运输。3盐胁迫总体上降低了4树种叶片K+/Na+比值,但厚叶榆和黄连木叶片K+/Na+值变化规律性不强;盐胁迫对4个树种Ca2+/Na+值的影响表现为,醉翁榆、木栓榆在低盐下有所上升,随盐浓度的升高而降低;厚叶榆和黄连木Ca2+/Na+值变化无规律。     

常见绿化树种对重金属的富集效应评价

【目的】研究常见绿化树种对重金属的富集效应评价,为干旱绿洲城市建设绿化植物的选择提供依据。【方法】以常见绿化树种为对象,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定各样品重金属含量,分析不同绿化树种对土壤重金属Cu、Pb、Ni和Zn的富集能力与转运特征,运用隶属函数法对富集转运能力进行综合评价。【结果】根际土壤中Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量均值分别为40.27、48.03、29.24和120.77 mg/kg,分别是新疆土壤重金属环境背景值1.51、1.91、1.53和1.76倍;对研究区采用内梅罗综合污染指数评价,该区为轻度污染。树种地下部分重金属含量高于地上部分;对其富集系数与转运系数的计算得,冠榆、红皮云杉对Pb的富集系数与转运系数均大于1,冠榆、红皮云杉对重金属Pb具有超富集效应。【结论】5种常见树种对4种重金属的BTF整体表现为Pb＞Ni＞Zn＞Cu;各树种对重金属Cu、Ni、Pb与Zn的综合转运能力:圆冠榆＞白榆＞红皮云杉＞樟子松＞白蜡。     

乌鲁木齐市快速路域绿化树种对重金属的累积效应及应用潜力

为筛选出适合干旱区交通路域土壤重金属污染修复治理的绿化树种,通过对乌鲁木齐市河滩快速路域绿化树种进行调查,采集路域16种常见绿化树种的不同器官及对应的根际土壤,测定其重金属Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Cu和Ni的含量,计算各树种对重金属的富集转运系数。通过聚类分析与隶属函数分析,综合评价各树种对重金属的累积效应,进一步探讨各树种的应用潜力。结果表明,16种绿化植物对各重金属的富集系数（BCF）与转运系数（BTF）整体表现分别为Zn>Cu>Ni>Pb>Cd>Cr,Zn>Cu>Pb>Ni>Cr>Cd,平均BCF为地下部分大于地上部分。综合评价得出,红皮云杉、复叶槭、圆冠榆、樟子松、火炬树对各重金属的富集转运能力相对较强,对复合型重金属污染具有潜在的修复价值,可考虑作为干旱重金属污染区域修复的首选树种;北美海棠、金叶榆、紫叶矮樱、水蜡、白榆、暴马丁香对各类重金属的富集转运能力相对适中,这类树种可优先考虑为交通路域轻、中度重金属污染的预防树种;大叶白蜡、新疆杨、榆叶梅、垂柳对各类重金属的富集转运能力相对较弱,这类树种属于低积累绿化树种,且在干旱区域具有良好的适生性,可以考虑用于轻度污染区域园林观赏树种。研究结果可为干旱区交通路域污染治理提供指导意见。     

超声波法提取茯苓菌丝体胞内多糖的研究

为了更好地利用茯苓菌丝体胞内多糖,对茯苓菌丝体胞内多糖的超声波法提取工艺进行了研究。在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法试验,优化了超声波法提取工艺。结果表明：优化的胞内多糖超声波法提取工艺条件为液料比23∶1,超声功率100 W ,提取温度66℃,提取时间27 min。在此条件下,多糖提取率为2．99％。     

川渝地区夏季干旱气候特征及成因分析

利用1979—2011年英国东英吉利大学气候研究中心（CRU）整理的地面月降水资料和日本气象厅（JMA）加工的全球高空等压面月平均气象场再分析资料,采用标准化降水指数（SPI）,确定了川渝地区典型干旱年,讨论了川渝地区夏季典型干旱的气候特征及其大气环流特征。结果表明：川渝地区夏季典型干旱年具有气温高、降水少的气候特征;东亚中纬度盛行纬向气流,西风锋区偏北,冷空气多偏北东移,川渝地区及其我国北方大部分地区受大陆带状高压控制。500 hPa带状高压与100 hPa南亚高压中心位置基本一致,且500 hPa高压中心与温度场的暖中心相对应,是持续性川渝夏季干旱具有近似正压结构的典型环流特征;同时川渝地区夏季干旱年对流层低层从云贵高原到四川盆地的西南气流明显偏弱,风场距平合成表明,云贵高原到川渝地区为东北距平风,距平风场上华南地区为明显的气旋式环流;川渝地区夏季典型干旱年整层西南气流水汽输送与常年比较明显偏小。