Comparative Study of Nutrient Deficiencies on Growth and Photochemistry of Tobacco

Abstract

Element deficiencies, such as molybdenum (Mo), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), lead to disturbances of morphological and physiological processes of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). On exposure to nutrient solution without Mo, leaf morphology was significantly affected, whereas photosynthetic processes conserved their normal activities. The decreased Mo, Fe, and Ca concentrations in tobacco were associated with loss of pigments and photosynthetic disturbances. In Ca‐deficient plants a reduction in the rate constant of energy trapping by PSII centers and a physical dissociation of LHC from PSII core, were observed. The poisonous action of Fe and Ca deficiencies focused mainly in the decreased proportion of active chlorophyll associated with the reaction center (RC) of PSII (decreased F _v /F ₀) and in the declined total number of electrons that have gone through the RCs (decreased Area/F _m  ? F ₀). In parallel, the non‐photochemical quenching coefficient was significantly enhanced in Fe and Ca‐deficient plants, but remained unchanged in Mo‐deficient plants. It is obvious that nutrient deficiency may trigger some protective mechanisms in order to PSII could maintain its activity under that type of stress.     

运输对荣昌猪生理生化指标的影响

获取荣昌猪对运输的耐受能力,以此研究针对运输的保健药品和保健措施。选择40日龄的荣昌仔猪12头,在最低气温15℃下运输2h(100km)。从前腔静脉采集运输前及运输停止后30min、运输停止后第1天、3天、7天试验组及空白对照组荣昌仔猪的血液,进行主要血液生理生化指标检测。同时,检测试验组及空白对照组荣昌仔猪在运输前及运输停止后30min、运输停止后第1天、第3天、第7天的临床三大生理指标(呼吸、脉搏、体温)。采用F检验统计分析运输前后差异显著性,比较运输对组内各组影响的差异性。结果表明,荣昌仔猪在经过运输后,尿素、肌酐、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶等大部分生理生化指标都有上升,与运输前比较差异极显著(P<0.01),运输前各荣昌仔猪之间的生理生化指标无显著差异(P>0.05),荣昌猪对运输的抵抗能力较差,需要在运输前后做好抗应激措施。     

YL2208CW型农用运输车主传动比的模糊优化

作者在建立Ｙ１２２０８ＣＷ型农用运输车动力性与燃油经济性模拟计算方法的基础上，应用模糊数学方法优化农用运输车的主传动器速比，获得了最佳燃油经济性。     

Gene Expression of Enzymes for Starch and Sucrose Metabolism and Transport in Leaf Sheaths of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) during the Heading Period in Relation to the Sink to Source Transition

Abstract

Leaf sheaths of rice plants are known to temporarily accumulate starch prior to heading, which is subsequently remobilized and transported into the panicle after heading. We investigated the time course for both carbohydrate content and steady state mRNA levels of enzymes related to starch and sucrose metabolism in the rice leaf sheath (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare). Leaf sheaths from the second leaf below the flag leaf accumulated high levels of starch before heading but they rapidly decreased after heading. In contrast, the flag leaf sheath did not accumulate as much starch. In the second leaf sheath, the mRNA levels of enzymes involved in starch synthesis, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2. 7. 7. 27), soluble starch synthase (EC 2. 4. 1.21) and branching enzyme (EC 2. 4. 1. 18) were high before heading, which coincided with rapid accumulation of starch. The mRNA levels of sucrose synthesis enzymes, cytosolic FBPase (EC 3. 1. 3. 11) and sucrose phosphate synthase (EC 2. 4. 1. 14), and the sucrose transporter (OsSUTI) increased at the time of heading, which was largely coincident with a decrease in the mRNA levels of starch synthesis enzymes. In the flag leaf sheaths, changes in mRNA levels of starch synthesis enzymes were not pronounced, however mRNA levels of sucrose synthesis enzymes and the sucrose transporter showed a clear increase throughout the heading period. The different characteristics observed between the two leaf sheaths will be discussed in relation to the sink to source transition.     

Comparison of the response of ion distribution in the tissues and cells of the succulent plants Aloe vera and Salicornia europaea to saline stress

There exists a great variability among plant species regarding their sensitivity and resistance to high salinity in soil, and most often this variability is related with the ability of a particular plant species to regulate ion homeostasis and transport. In this study, we have investigated the effects of NaCl on growth rate, water status, and ion distribution in different cells and tissues of two succulent plants, Aloe vera and Salicornia europaea. Our results showed that the growth of A. vera seedlings was significantly decreased in response to salinity. However, the growth of S. europaea seedlings was greatly stimulated by high concentrations of NaCl. Under saline conditions, S. europaea seedlings maintained K⁺ and Ca²⁺ uptake in roots and showed a higher root‐to‐shoot flux of Na⁺ and Cl^– as compared to A. vera. Despite great accumulation of Na⁺ and Cl^– in photosynthetically active shoot cells in S. europaea, its growth was enhanced, indicating S. europaea is capable of compartmentalizing salt ions in the vacuoles of shoot cells. Aloe vera seedlings, however, showed a low transport rate of Na⁺ and Cl^– to leaves and suppressed uptake of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ in roots during NaCl treatment. Our results also implicate that A. vera may be able to accumulate Na⁺ and Cl^– in the metabolically inactive aqueous cells in leaves and, as a result, the plant can survive and can maintain growth under saline conditions.     

低聚果糖诱导的奶牛急性蹄叶炎肝和骨骼肌中AMPK和GLUT及相关基因的变化

旨在探究奶牛急性蹄叶炎能量代谢的变化,本研究选用12头健康中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为两组(n=6): 试验组(OF组)用17 g·kg^-1体重的低聚果糖溶解在2 L·100 kg^-1体重的清水中灌服,对照组(CON组)灌服等量清水,72 h之后对奶牛进行安乐死,采集肝、肌肉组织,进行Western blot试验和实时荧光定量PCR试验,检测肝、肌肉组织的能量变化和葡萄糖转运情况,指标：葡糖糖转运蛋白1和4(GLUT-1、GLUT-4),三磷酸腺苷激酶(AMPK)以及相关因子(PPAR-γ、PGC1-α、PEPCK)。结果表明：在肝组织中,OF组AMPK和蛋白的表达量显著增加,但P-AMPK/AMPK的比值极显著下降,而GLUT-1的蛋白和基因、PPAR-γ、PGC1-α和PEPCK基因的表达量无显著变化;在肌肉组织中,OF组AMPK基因和蛋白表达量无显著的变化,但P-AMPK/AMPK的比值显著下降,GLUT-4基因和蛋白表达量显著下降,同时PPAR-γ、PEPCK基因的表达量极显著升高,但PGC-1-α的基因表达量无显著的变化。综上：奶牛急性蹄叶炎可能会抑制肌肉组织的能量代谢和葡萄糖转运的能力,但对肝的影响不大。     

STAT6介导的巨噬细胞极化对布鲁氏菌胞内存活的影响

旨在探讨STAT6介导的巨噬细胞极化对布鲁氏菌胞内生存的影响。本研究采用布鲁氏菌光滑株S2308（S2308）和粗糙型疫苗株RB51（RB51）侵染巨噬细胞。利用qRT-PCR检测M1型巨噬细胞标志因子p65、NOS2和IL-1β,M2型巨噬细胞标志因子STAT6、ARG1、IL-10的mRNA表达水平;流式细胞术检测M1型标记分子CD86和M2型标记分子CD206的表达;Western blot检测p-STAT6蛋白及抑制剂AS对蛋白的抑制作用;ELISA检测M1型细胞因子TNF-α、IL-12和M2型细胞因子IL-4、IL-10的表达量;最后对胞内菌落进行CFU计数。qRT-PCR结果显示,在感染8、12 h时可显著诱导M1型因子mRNA转录表达,72 h时低表达,而M2型因子在72 h时高表达;流式细胞术结果显示,S2308感染12 h可显著诱导CD86的表达,感染72 h可显著诱导CD206的表达,但RB51对二者无影响;Western blot结果显示,S2308菌株在感染72 h时激活STAT6信号通路,而RB51几乎不激活该通路,抑制剂AS在2 μmol·L^-1浓度时抑制效果最佳;ELISA结果显示,AS抑制剂可显著抑制IL-4、IL-10的释放,并促进TNF-α、IL-12的释放;CFU计数结果显示,S2308组的胞内菌呈先降低后显著上升趋势,加入AS抑制剂后可显著抑制布鲁氏菌胞内复制。布鲁氏菌S2308在感染后期能够通过STAT6诱导M1型巨噬细胞向M2型转化,并促进Th2型细胞因子的释放,从而有利于布鲁氏菌的胞内生存。而RB51几乎不激活该通路,不影响胞内生存。     

对云南省输电线路使用林地的探讨

根据《电力设施保护条例》和《森林植被恢复费征收使用管理暂行办法》,正确处理保护生态环境和输变电线路建设的关系,做到森林资源保护与电力线路建设协调发展.文章分析了输变电线路的特殊性以及存在的问题.提出了准确测定输变电线路征占用林地面积的原则、技术要点,并建议分两步实施为好.     

Simultaneous measurements of quantum yield and CO2 uptake for the assessment of non-assimilative electron flow in tree leaves

Using attached and detached leaves ofAcer palmatum Thunb. andRhaphiolepsis umbellata Makino, pulse-modulated chlorophyll fluorescence and CO₂ exchange were measured. Quantum yield of photosynthesis was determined from the fluorescence parameter(Fm′−Fs)/Fm′, where (Fm′−Fs) was defined as the difference between steady state chlorophyll fluorescence (Fs) and maximum fluorescence (Fm′) elicited by a saturating light pulse. The rate of electron transport through photosystem II (total electron flow) was calculated from the product of quantum yield andA (PFD), whereA is the rate of absorbed photons as given by leaf absorptance, and PFD is the photon flux density at the leaf surface. The rate of electron transport dependant on CO₂ uptake (assimilative electron flow) was calculated from the gross photosynthetic rate in a leaf. The difference between the rates of total and assimilative electron transport was denoted as the rate of non-assimilative electron transport which depends on photorespiration and oxygen reduction. Available data provided quantitative information on the rate of non-assimilative electron flow in intact leaves. When leaf photosynthesis ofA. palmatum was measured under sunlight, the rates of total and assimilative electron transport were determined to be approximately 900 and 150 μmol equiv. e/mg Chl·h, respectively. The difference (750 μmol equiv. e/mg Chl·h) was attributed to the activity of non-assimilative electron flow. The ratio of total to assimilative electron flow was found to increase gradually with rising in irradiance. The results suggest that non-assimilative electron flow occurred at much higher rate than assimilative electron flow at high irradiance. Implications of the results are briefly discussed in relation to photosynthesis limitation in tree leaves.