忍冬藤提取物对兔离体肠平滑肌的舒张作用及其机制

【目的】胃肠平滑肌过度收缩可引起腹痛腹泻等临床常见的疾病。目前,临床上对治疗胃肠平滑肌过度收缩的药物主要以西药为主,如钙离子通道阻断药硝苯地平和抗胆碱药阿托品等,硝苯地平长期使用可引起负性肌力和负性传导的现象,而阿托品由于其不良反应较大,在临床应用中受到一定的限制。因此,开发具有有效防治胃肠平滑肌痉挛、低毒、低残留的天然中草药意义重大。试验以兔离体小肠平滑肌为研究对象,利用丰富的忍冬藤资源,研究忍冬藤提取物对兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的影响,并探讨其作用机制。【方法】采用兔离体小肠平滑肌试验,应用BL-420E生物机能实验系统,观察忍冬藤提取物对正常状态下兔离体小肠平滑肌自发性收缩的影响;进而使用工具药乙酰胆碱、组胺和氯化钡致兔小肠痉挛性收缩后,观察忍冬藤提取物对其痉挛性收缩的影响;为研究忍冬藤提取物抑制兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的作用机制,应用IP_3受体阻断剂肝素(HP)、肌浆网ryanodine受体阻断剂钌红(RR)和一氧化氮合酶抑制剂左旋硝基精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME),探明忍冬藤提取物对兔离体小肠平滑肌作用的机制。【结果】忍冬藤提取物可浓度依赖性抑制兔离体小肠平滑肌自发性收缩,药物浓度在7.5 g·L~(-1)时可显著抑制兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的频率(P0.05),药物浓度在5g·L~(-1)时可极显著抑制兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的振幅(P0.05);工具药乙酰胆碱、组胺和氯化钡可显著诱导兔小肠平滑肌收缩的振幅,忍冬藤提取物可显著抑制由乙酰胆碱、组胺和氯化钡诱导的兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的频率(P0.05),可极显著抑制兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的振幅(P0.01)。IP_3受体阻断剂肝素能增强忍冬藤提取物舒张兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的作用(P0.01),而肌浆网ryanodine受体阻断剂钌红对忍冬藤提取物舒张兔小肠平滑肌的作用无明显影响(P0.05)。左旋硝基精氨酸甲酯能够部分阻断忍冬藤提取物舒张兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的作用(P0.01)。【结论】忍冬藤提取物可显著抑制兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的频率和振幅,其机制可能与增加一氧化氮浓度,抑制IP_3受体介导的内钙释放有关,但对肌浆网ryanodine受体途径引起的内钙释放无关。     

精氨酸对仔猪肠道机械屏障的影响及相关机理

肠道屏障功能具有抵御病原菌和毒素入侵机体的能力,肠道机械屏障是其中最重要的一道屏障。精氨酸可以直接或间接影响肠道机械屏障,文章从精氨酸对猪肠道黏膜生长、绒毛高、细胞生长、肠道通透性等方面简述精氨酸在仔猪肠道屏障功能中的重要作用;并从m TOR信号通路及NO途径等方面对精氨酸影响仔猪肠道机械屏障的机理进行阐述,为深入认识精氨酸在肠道屏障中的作用提供参考。     

肠道消化吸收相关因子对大黄鱼生长速度的影响

为了分析大黄鱼Pseudosciaena croce在人工养殖过程中,常常出现同一批次鱼苗在相同养殖条件下个体差异明显、部分鱼生长速度缓慢的原因,试验选取福州市连江县某鱼场同一网箱内同一批次投放的鱼苗,根据个体大小分组,体质量为60~100 g的为生长正常组,体质量为10~40 g的为生长缓慢组,在相同养殖条件下饲喂300 d,试验结束时,采用消化酶活性检测、荧光定量PCR和石蜡组织切片3种方法,分别测定大黄鱼肠道的消化酶活性和菌群数量,观察肠道的组织形态学变化并进行对比分析。结果表明:两组鱼的各种消化酶活性均无显著性差异(P0.05);在生长缓慢组鱼肠道内,酵母菌和弧菌等兼性厌氧菌数量高于生长正常组,且两组之间酵母菌数量有显著性差异(P0.05);生长正常组鱼肠道绒毛密集、修长且完整,而生长缓慢组鱼肠道绒毛稀疏,有大量损伤,前肠上皮内淋巴细胞数量显著高于生长正常组(P0.05)。研究表明,大黄鱼鱼群生长速度与肠道菌群及肠绒毛状态有关,而与肠道消化酶活性无关。     

不同含水率速生杨木DMA图谱分析及应用

采用动态热机械分析仪对绝干、6％、12％、18％、30％、50％、100％和水饱和8种含水率速生杨木试件进行了动态黏弹性分析.动态力学分析参数为:温度扫描范围35～ 350℃,升温速度5℃·min-1,测量频率10Hz.储能模量的变化表明:各含水率试件在整个扫描温度范围内均出现2个明显的弹性转变过程,完成次级弹性转变的...     

华南沿海贝类产品重金属元素含量特征及其安全性评价

2009年对华南沿海部分海域牡蛎、文蛤和江珧产品中重金属元素Cd、Cu、Pb、As、Hg和Zn的含量水平进行了分析,对牡蛎样品中这些重金属元素的海域分布特征以及季节差异进行了讨论。统计结果表明,不同海域、不同种类、不同养殖季节的贝类产品中重金属元素Cd、Cu、Pb、As、Hg和Zn的含量具有显著的差异。Cu、Zn在牡蛎样品中的含量远远高于其在文蛤、江珧等样品中的含量。采用粗略的点估计方法,计算重金属元素的膳食暴露量,对贝类产品的食用安全性进行风险评估。评估结果显示,对于成年人,正常食用牡蛎、文蛤等产品,重金属元素的膳食暴露量低于JECFA的推荐值,处于安全范围。而食用同量的江珧产品,Cd的摄入量超过JECFA的推荐值,存在危害健康的风险。     

农业产业化经营概念内涵浅析

农业产业化经营概念的内涵 ,国内外有多种界定。随着形势的发展变化 ,应当赋予农业产业化经营以新的内涵。本文认为 ,目前及今后一段时期内 ,农业产业化经营应包括提高农民素质、适应新经济发展趋势、走可持续发展之路、优先采用劳动密集型先进技术等内涵 ,并提出可持续农业产业化经营的完整形态。     

不同NaCl预处理对低温胁迫古巴牛乳树幼苗叶片色素含量的影响

对古巴牛乳树盆栽苗进行不同浓度的NaC1预处理及热激预处理,探索其对低温下古巴牛乳树[Manilkara roxburghiana (Wight) Dubard]叶片色素的影响.结果表明:6‰NaC1预处理能有效缓解古巴牛乳树幼苗叶片受低温伤害,总叶绿素、叶绿素a及叶绿素b均较高于其它处理,此时盆土的实际盐度是3.70‰.     

大菱鲆仔稚鱼发育早期肠道菌群结构形成的影响因素

为研究鱼类发育早期肠道菌群结构的演变过程及影响因素,运用高通量测序技术,分析了处于不同发育阶段的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)仔稚鱼肠道、受精卵、不同类型的饵料和水源中的菌群结构,以及它们之间的相关性。结果显示,以不同的OTU(Operational Taxonomic Units,可操作分类单元)作为分类依据,发现大菱鲆仔稚鱼的肠道菌群结构在开口摄食后不久已趋于稳定,其优势菌与受精卵所携带的细菌关联较大。并且在大菱鲆仔稚鱼不同的发育时期,这一菌群的结构非常稳固,几乎不受水和饵料中优势细菌的影响而发生改变。乳球菌属的Lactococcus piscium菌株一直是大菱鲆仔稚鱼肠道中的优势菌种,在不同发育时期的优势度高达45%~65%。本研究还发现,大菱鲆仔稚鱼肠道可能对定植的菌种具有选择性,一些水环境和饵料中的非优势菌,如Streptococcus sp.,Pseudomonas sp.,Carnobacterium sp.等细菌也会定植于肠道,成为大菱鲆肠道中的次优势菌。     

Effects of different dietary copper sources on the growth and intestinal microbial communities of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary copper sources on growth performance and intestinal microbial communities of juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Four isonitrogenous (420 g/kg crude protein) and isolipidic (70 g/kg crude lipid) experimental diets were formulated to contain different copper sources, Diet NSC (no‐supplemented copper), Diet CS (copper sulphate), Diet Availa (copper amino acid complex from Availa^®Cu100) and Diet M (1:1, copper sulphate + copper amino acid complex). A total of 360 Pacific white shrimp juveniles (initial weight: 1.86 ± 0.03 g) were randomly allocated into four groups, with three replicates per group and 30 shrimps each replicate. An Illumina‐based sequencing method was used to analyse the intestinal bacterial composition of shrimp juveniles. The results revealed that shrimps fed Diet M had significantly higher percent weight gain (PWG) than that fed Diet NSC and Diet CS, while there were no significant differences between Diet M and Diet Availa. Survival was not affected by the dietary copper sources. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were dominant in the intestines of Pacific white shrimp. Shrimps fed Diet M and Diet Availa had higher bacterial richness and diversity than those fed Diet NSC and Diet CS with no significant differences among all treatments. Furthermore, Diet M and Diet Availa which contained copper amino acid complex reduced the relative abundance of Vibrionaceae in shrimp intestinal tract. This study indicated that dietary copper sources could affect the intestinal microbial communities and diets supplemented with Availa^®Cu100 could have a positive impact on the growth performance and decrease the potential risk of disease in Pacific white shrimp.     

Effects of Cu2+-exchanged montmorillonite on intestinal microflora, digestibility and digestive enzyme activities of Nile tilapia

A total of 360 Nile tilapia at an average initial body weight of 3.9 g were randomly allocated to four treatments, each of which had three replicates of 30 fish per tank and used to investigate the effects of Cu²⁺‐exchanged montmorillonite (Cu‐MMT) on intestinal microflora, digestibility and digestive enzyme activities. The dietary treatments were: (i) basal diet, (ii) basal diet + 1.5 g kg^?1 MMT; (iii) basal diet + 30 mg kg^?1 copper as CuSO₄ (equivalent to the copper in the Cu‐MMT treatment group), or (iv) basal diet + 1.5 g kg^?1 Cu‐MMT. The results showed that supplementation with Cu‐MMT significantly improved growth performance as compared with the control and fish fed with Cu‐MMT had higher growth performance than those fed with MMT or CuSO₄. Supplementation with Cu‐MMT reduced (P < 0.05) the total intestinal aerobic bacterial counts and affected the composition of intestinal microflora with Aeromonas, Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter, Alcaligence, Enterobacteriaceae decreasing as compared with the control. Addition of MMT improved (P < 0.05) the apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein, and the activities of intestinal amylase, lipase, and alkaline phosphatase as compared with the control. Addition of Cu‐MMT improved (P < 0.05) the apparent digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, and crude ash, and the activities of total protease, amylase, lipase, and alkaline phosphatase as compared with the control. While supplementation with CuSO₄ had no (P > 0.05) effect on intestinal microflora, digestibility, and digestive enzyme activities the results showed that Cu‐MMT exhibited antibacterial activity in vivo resulting in a positive effect on digestive enzyme activities, and then promoted the digestion and absorption of dietary nutrition.