大兴安岭白桦天然林改培为速生丰产林技术及其效益分析

对白桦天然林改培速生丰产林试验地的调查数据进行分析,确定了白桦天然幼、中龄林进行3次抚育采伐的时间,分析了透光抚育和生长抚育的效果,明确了白桦天然林不同林龄时的最佳抚育强度以及不同龄级的最佳经营密度.分别对人工培育白桦林和对本区白桦天然林进行人工抚育的经济效益进行了分析.     

马尾松人工林抚育间伐起始期的研究

通过对马尾松人工林试验地调查并选取标本木进行树干解析，分析马尾松人工林间伐合理起始期及不同起始期对林分生长影响，结果表明：初植密度高，间伐合理起始期提前，反之，间伐合理起始期推迟。超过间作合理起始期间伐会抑制林木生长。间伐合理起始期可以通过分析胸径加年生长量来确定。     

间伐对库区生态公益林养分流失的影响

以福建永安安砂库区生态公益林为研究对象,通过设置径流小区法,分别在坡度25°和32°的林地中,设计不间伐、间伐强度20%、40%、60%4种处理,研究不同间伐强度对安砂库区生态公益林养分流失的影响。结果表明:林地坡度25°情况下,在养分月流失量及流失总量上,间伐强度60%、40%均明显大于不间伐处理,而间伐强度20%与不间伐处理间差异并不明显,且流失量较少。林地坡度32°条件下,养分的月流失量及流失总量总体上随着间伐强度的加大而增加。此外,同一间伐强度下,养分流失总量随着坡度的增加而增加。可见,对库区生态公益林进行抚育间伐时,选择坡度较缓的林地进行低强度间伐(间伐强度20%)较为合理,能够在很好地发挥生态公益林的生态效益的同时获得一定的经济效益,进而实现库区生态公益林的可持续经营。     

杨、桦林抚育改造技术研究

通过对黑龙江省东部山区10个林业局、427块标准地、1712株解析木的调查研究，得到了杨、桦林的树高、胸径和材积生长曲线，并编制了杨、桦林的抚育间伐控制图。     

马尾松抚育间伐强度效应试验

1997年在福建省福安市甘棠镇眉洋村的15年生马尾松人工林中进行不同抚育间伐强度试验,2001年进行调查,结果认为,在一定范围内,其胸径生长随间伐强度增大而增大;增大抚育强度增加单株材积,但单位面积蓄积量减少;不同抚育强度对林分总收获量无显著影响。     

THE INTERMEDIATE SKY IS COMPOSED OF THE PSEUDO-CLEAR SKY AND THE PSEUDO-OVERCAST SKY

This paper suggests that the actual sky,with the exception of a few par-ticular weather conditions,such as rain and snowstorm in which artificial lighting is needed.The sky can bc divided into four types according to their sunlight conditions and sky luminance distrbutions,they arc clear sky,pscudc-clear sky,pseudo-overcast sky and overcast sky.It is inadequate to classify sky merely from cloudage and to affirm that all sky conditions except clear and overcast belong to only one type.From the viewpoint of statis-tical average over many years,when sun disk is covered with cloud,luminance distribution of the sky resembles that of overcast sky,and when there is no cloud over sun disk,it is sim-ilar to that of clear sky.The luminance distributions of pscudo-clear sky and pseudo-over-cast sky are quite.In pseudo-overcatssky,the maximum skydifferent.In pseudo-clear sky,it gets maximum sky luminence can not appear in the region around the sun in considera-tion of the problem from the viewpoint of statistial average over many years.Furthermore,the differences of horizont.al diffuse illuminancc between pseudo-clear and pseudl-ouercast sky are obvious.Therefore it is more suitable to study all kinds of skies,that is pseudo-clear and pseudo-overcast sky.     

邓肯-张非线性模型研究及其在ANSYS中的实现

对工程领域使用广泛的邓肯-张非线性本构模型进行了研究,总结了国内外的研究现状及理论成果,针对其无法判定因结压力降低时的加载情况,提出了相应的变形模量的计算方法,同时考虑中主应力、土体抗拉强度的影响对模型进行了修正。利用APDL编写程序实现了ANSYS的材料本构模型的二次开发,运用重启动方法实现单元应力修正后数据重写入数据库,通过试验模拟对比分析验证了模型的适用性。     

NDIS中间层驱动技术在反溯源网络中的应用

采用NDIS中间层驱动技术构筑反溯源网络,可在一定程度上确保网络及个人信息安全。介绍NDIS的含义及NDIS中间层驱动技术的原理,阐述NDIS中间层驱动程序的设计与实现方式。经效果测试,证实利用NDIS中间层驱动技术对数据包进行传输,能很好地保证网络安全性。     

Stabilization mechanisms of organic matter in four temperate soils: Development and application of a conceptual model

Based on recent findings in the literature, we developed a process‐oriented conceptual model that integrates all three process groups of organic matter (OM) stabilization in soils namely (1) selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds, (2) spatial inaccessibility to decomposer organisms, and (3) interactions of OM with minerals and metal ions. The model concept relates the diverse stabilization mechanisms to active, intermediate, and passive pools. The formation of the passive pool is regarded as hierarchical structured co‐action of various processes that are active under specific pedogenetic conditions. To evaluate the model, we used data of pool sizes and turnover times of soil OM fractions from horizons of two acid forest and two agricultural soils. Selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds is relevant in the active pool and particularly in soil horizons with high C contents. Biogenic aggregation preserves OM in the intermediate pool and is limited to topsoil horizons. Spatial inaccessibility due to the occlusion of OM in clay microstructures and due to the formation of hydrophobic surfaces stabilizes OM in the passive pool. If present, charcoal contributes to the passive pool mainly in topsoil horizons. The importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization in the passive pool is well‐known and increases with soil depth. Hydrophobicity is particularly relevant in acid soils and in soils with considerable inputs of charcoal. We conclude that the stabilization potentials of soils are site‐ and horizon‐specific. Furthermore, management affects key stabilization mechanisms. Tillage increases the importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization, and in Ap horizons with high microbial activity and C turnover, organo‐mineral interactions can contribute to OM stabilization in the intermediate pool. The application of our model showed that we need a better understanding of processes causing spatial inaccessibility of OM to decomposers in the passive pool.     

稻田—田埂过渡区土壤优先流特征研究

为揭示田埂对稻田—田埂过渡区土壤水分渗漏的影响,对比不同位点(田内、过渡带和田埂)优先流特征差异,采用室外亮蓝染色示踪方法,对江汉平原典型稻田—田埂过渡区进行研究。结果表明:过渡区土壤染色面积比(SAR)随深度的增加呈波动下降,其中0~20cm土层SAR较高,占剖面总SAR的53.85%~88.55%。不同位点土壤SAR差异明显,0~20 cm土层平均SAR由大到小依次为田内、过渡带、田埂,20 cm以下各位点SAR均较低,但田埂平均SAR高于田内。各位点水平剖面染色结果与垂直染色结果能较好对应,且随着深度增加,土壤染色区域急剧减少。各位点染色路径数(SPN)与SAR显著相关,田埂中、下层土壤SPN均高于田内。染色路径宽度(SPW)结果显示,0~20 cm田内以10~80 mm和大于80 mm SPW为主,过渡带和田埂大于80 mm SPW较少,均以小于10 mm和10~80 mm为主。各位点SPW的差异反映在水流类型上,田内为非均质指流—高相互作用大孔隙流,过渡区和田埂以混合作用大孔隙流—高相互作用大孔隙流为主。水分渗漏路径结果显示,田内水分由过渡带和田埂的垂直和侧向渗漏较强,且田沟田埂侧向流较田间田埂明显。田埂是稻田水分快速流失的主要区域,加剧了稻田水肥流失和水环境污染风险。本研究可为稻田水分保持和制定合理施肥、灌溉等措施提供依据。