小麦穗颈长的遗传和育种价值

以8个小麦品种双列杂交的F1及其亲本为材料,研究了小麦穗颈长的遗传。结果表明,穗颈长的遗传符合加性———显性模型,基因作用以加性效应为主,高值对低值为显性,显性程度为部分显性。控制穗颈长的增减效等位基因频率在亲本间的分配比率有极显著差异,增效基因多于减效基因。穗颈长可能受4对主效显性基因控制,狭义遗传力高,早代选择有效。穗颈长与株高呈显著遗传正相关,与每穗粒数、千粒重、单穗粒重和单株产量呈微弱遗传正相关。     

Large yield differences between reciprocal families of Solanum tuberosum

Summary A number of reports have indicated differences in reciprocal families of Solanum tuberosum when intergroup hybrids were studied. Questions have been raised concerning the potential magnitude, frequency, and genetic basis for such differences. In this study, exact reciprocal crosses were made using parents characterized by different maturities and having different cytoplasmic sources within Solanum tuberosum in order to substantiate previous claims of reciprocal differences and to clarify the nature of such differences.Field trials revealed reciprocal differences which were large and highly significant. Reciprocal yield differences of up to 115% were observed when parents of opposite maturities were used. In seven crosses, the higher-yielding reciprocal always had the higher-yielding parent as the maternal parent. Significant reciprocal differences for flowering and vine maturity were also observed between some families. The F₂ populations were generated for one set of reciprocals and the reciprocal differences in the F₂ generation seemed to be substantially reduced relative to the F₁ generation.It is concluded that the occurrence of large reciprocal differences seems to depend more upon having parents of opposite maturity than upon the taxonomic origin of the parent's cytoplasm. This, in conjunction with the reduced F₂ reciprocal differences, suggests that observed differences may be due to very persistent maternal effects or a type of dauermodification, rather than true cytoplasmic inheritance.Cooperative Investigation of U.S. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration. Agricultural Research and the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station.     

家鸡胚胎发育过程DNA甲基化的MSAP检测

[目的]检测鸡胚不同发育阶段时的DNA甲基化水平。[方法]以不同发育阶段的家鸡胚胎为试验材料,提取基因组DNA,采用甲基敏感扩增片段多态性（methylation sensitive amplified polymorphism,MSAP）技术对其甲基化水平进行了初步检测。[结果]共发现甲基化位点880个,CCGG位点单链外侧的胞嘧啶甲基化位点比例为20．48％,双链CCGG位点的内侧胞嘧啶甲基化19．30％,两者总比例为39．78％。[结论]鸡胚发育过程,DNA甲基化随着胚胎的发育呈升高趋势。     

甜瓜属种间杂交质体DNA多态性遗传分析

为研究甜瓜属种间杂交质体DNA的遗传规律,利用PCR直接测序法对甜瓜属异缘四倍体新种(Cucumis×hytivus Chen and Kirkbride.)S₅自交后代及其杂交母本甜瓜属野生种(Cucumis hystrix Chakr.)和父本栽培黄瓜''北京截头’(Cucumis sativus cv. ''Beijingjietou’)叶绿体基因Matk-trnK和rbcL-accD区域的部分DNA序列进行比较分析。结果显示在长度为2 036 bp Matk-trnK区域中存在着18个多态性位点,其中有16个多态性位点的碱基子代与母本相同,只有2个位点与父本相同;在长度为945 bp的rbcL-accD区域中存在着19个多态性位点,其中有18个多态性位点的碱基子代与母本相同,只有1个多态性位点与父本相同。这表明甜瓜属hystrix×sativus种间杂交中质体DNA遗传主要表现为母系遗传。     

Evaluation of maternal parent and puroindoline allele on kernel texture in a reciprocal cross between two hard spring wheat cultivars

Kernel texture is an important characteristic for both the milling and the end-use quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Gene sequence variation and mutations to the two puroindoline genes (Pina and Pinb), located at the Ha locus on chromosome 5DS, account for the majority of variation in wheat kernel texture. Other factors also influence kernel texture, including effects associated with different maternal parent backgrounds. To investigate the effect of two hard puroindoline alleles in different maternal backgrounds, a population of 228 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a reciprocal cross between two wheat cultivars ID377s (Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a) and Klasic (Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b) were examined in two succeeding generations (F₇ & F₈). Kernel texture was determined using the Single Kernel Characterization System (SKCS) and the RIL puroindoline haplotype was identified by the sequence-specific PCR amplification of each gene. Analysis of variance identified a significant (P 0.001) effect of the maternal parent and puroindoline mutation on kernel texture. RILs containing the Pina-D1b mutation were significantly harder than lines containing the Pinb-D1b mutation. RILs which had Klasic as the maternal parent were significantly harder than those which had ID377s as the maternal parent. When the maternal parent and puroindoline allele were analyzed in combination, RILs derived from Klasic as the maternal parent and the Pina-D1b allele were significantly harder (P 0.001) than those containing the same allele but ID377s as the maternal parent. The same occurred for RILs containing the Pinb-D1b allele, lines with Klasic as the maternal parent were harder than lines with ID377s as the maternal parent. These results corroborate the harder phenotype of the Pina-D1b allele and indicate a significant maternally-inherited contribution to kernel texture variation.     

苦瓜枯萎病抗性鉴定与抗性遗传规律研究

 以4 份田间抗性水平不同的苦瓜为材料,探讨了适用于苦瓜苗期人工接种枯萎病菌的抗性 鉴定方法;以此为基础,对来自国内外的43 份苦瓜种质资源进行了抗源筛选,以其中的抗病亲本‘0417’ 和感病亲本‘472113’为材料,研究了苦瓜对枯萎病抗性的遗传规律。结果表明,直接水培接种法是较适 合于苦瓜苗期枯萎病抗性鉴定的方法,适宜的接种菌液孢子浓度为4 × 106 · mL-1。在苦瓜种质资源中,枯 萎病抗源普遍存在,尤以野生种或半栽培种抗病性较强。苦瓜枯萎病抗性受单一显性核基因控制,其广 义遗传力为90.78%。     

Inheritance of angular leaf spot resistance in common bean line BAT 332 and identification of RAPD markers linked to the resistance gene

The existence of genetic variability for angular leaf spot (ALS) resistance in the common bean germplasm allows the development of breeding lines resistant to this disease. The BAT 332 line is an important resistance source to common bean ALS. In this work we determined the inheritance pattern and identified RAPD markers linked to a resistance gene present in BAT 332. Populations F₁, F₂,BCs and BCr derived from crosses between BAT 332 and cultivar Rudá were used. Rudá is a commercial cultivar with carioca type grains and susceptible to ALS. The resistance of BAT 332 to race 61.41 of the pathogen was confirmed. Segregation analysis of the plants indicated that a single dominant gene confers resistance. For identification of RAPD markers linked to the resistance gene, bulk segregant analysis (BSA) was used. Two RAPD markers,OPAA07₉₅₀ and OPAO12₉₅₀, linked in coupling phase at 5.10 and 5.83 cM of this gene, respectively, were identified. These molecular markers are important for common bean breeders and geneticists as source of genetic information and for marker assisted selection in breeding programs. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

赏食兼用型辣椒花瓣和果实紫色性状遗传分析

为研究赏食兼用型辣椒花瓣和果实紫色性状遗传机制,以白辣观赏椒F₇和紫辣观赏椒F₈作亲本,构建6个世代群体(P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂、BC₁、BC₂),采用目测法分析6个世代群体的花色、青熟期果色性状,研究辣椒花瓣和果实紫色性状遗传规律。结果显示,F₁代辣椒花瓣和青熟期果实均表现为紫色,说明辣椒花瓣和青熟期果实的紫色对白色均为显性,F₂代分离群体紫色和白色都符合孟德尔3:1的分离比例,表明辣椒花瓣和青熟期果实紫色花瓣性状各受1对显性基因控制,BC₁代分离群体紫色和白色都符合1:1的分离比例;BC₂代辣椒花色和果色均表现为紫色,但有颜色深浅的区别,表明控制辣椒花瓣和青熟期果实紫色的基因具有累加效应。     

Leaf yield component combining abilities in mulberry (Morus spp.)

A line × tester analysis was carried out in mulberry (Morus spp.) to determine the genetic interaction in the expression of various quantitative characters including leaf yield. Eight clonal varieties were selected, 3 of them were designated as lines (♀) viz. Berhampore-1, China white and MS-5 and 5 of them were called as testers (♂) viz. Mandalaya, Kosen, Assamjati, MS-1 and Kajli. Combining ability studies were conducted on these parents along with their F₁ hybrids for the variables laminar index, growth rate, weight of 100 dry leaves, number of primary branches per plant, plant height, nodal distance, leaf-twig ratio, aerial biomass, moisture content, moisture retention capacity and leaf yield. Broad genetic variability was observed among the genotypes. The ratio of General Combining Ability (GCA) and Specific Combining Ability (SCA) indicated the predominance of non-additive genes in mulberry. While China white (female) and MS-1 (male) were the best general combiners among the parents, Berhampore-1 × Kajli was the best cross for leaf yield. Results suggest that selective crossing followed by proper screening may be the best approach for breeding of high yielding varieties in mulberry. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.