Decomposition of bacterial polymers in soil and their influence on soil structure

Summary The adherence of soil particles into stable aggregates increases with the addition of monosaccharides or polysaccharde polymers to soil, either as plant residues, microbial metabolites, or as simple carbohydrates. Microbial polysaccharides are one of the most effective organic agents that promote soil aggregate stability, but the effectiveness of these polymers in stabilizing soil particles varies dramatically between microbial strains, the amount present and the prevailing environmental conditions. We conducted glasshouse and laboratory studies to determine the effectiveness of selected microbial polymers in stabilizing soil aggregates. The addition and thorough mixing of 1.0 mg microbial polymer C g^–1 soil of seven bacteria strains (Arthrobacter viscocus, Azotobacter indicus, Bacillus subtilus, Chromobacterium violaceum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas strain I, and Pseudomonas strain II), three deuteromycete strains (Cryptococcus laurentii, Hansenula holstii, and Mucor rouxii), and two reference compounds (hydroxyethyl guar and glucose) to an Arlington coarse-loamy soil resulted in stimulated soil respiration, increased aggregate stability, and decreased soil bulk density and modulus of rupture when incubated from 1 to 12 weeks. The monosaccharides present in the added polymers were rapidly decomposed and the sacchride content of the polymer-treated soil returned to the level of the soil control (with no polymer addition) after 2 weeks of incubation, while the maximum increase in soil aggregate stability was noted during the 3rd and 4th weeks of incubation. Statistical analyses showed that the glucose content of the polymers added was significantly correlated with soil aggregation [weeks 1 (r=0.78^***) and 2 (r=0.61^*)], but the extractable soil saccharides were not significantly correlated with increased aggregate stability or decreased soil bulk density during this study. When microbial extracellular polymers were added to soil only a transient increase in soil stability was measured upon decomposition of the added saccharides. This finding suggests that the stabilization of soil aggregates is a result of other microbial processes or metabolites rather than the direct binding effects of the added polysaccharides.     

农村空心化、代际断裂与农地制度创新——基于S县G镇农地制度创新实践的考察

农村空心化伴随着青壮年劳动力大量外流,农业经营的代际传承成为当前乡村产业兴旺面临的重要问题。农地三权分置实现了承包权和经营权的分离,通过规模经营和新型农业经营主体培育的方式化解代际断裂困境。但在具体实践中仍面临土地碎片化、流转成本高昂等困境,进而掣肘农地三权分置改革作用发挥,亟须进行农地制度创新。基于S县G镇实地调研发现“意见筛选机制”“用途划片机制”和“委托代理机制”有机组合极大盘活了农地资源,形成集中连片的适度规模经营,为农村产业兴旺奠定了基础。提出尊重主体差异性、建设集中型农地流转市场以及组建农地流转中介机构等实践路径。     

Impact of alum on crust prevention and aggregation of calcareous soil: laboratory studies

Alum was applied at rates of 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2% by weight to a calcareous silty clay soil in an attempt to reduce soil crusting and improve soil aggregation. Results indicated that the modulus of rupture (MR) was reduced from 176 to 60 kPa with the addition of 0.2% alum. The mean weight diameter (MWD) was doubled when the application rate of alum increased from 0 to 0.2%. Alum apparently modified the soil physical environment by making the soil fluffy which in turn reduces its MR. Gypsum was formed by the reaction of alum with calcium carbonate in proportion to the amount of alum applied, increasing from 0.2% in the control soil to 1.1% with the highest rate of alum applied. This increase may have lead to the reduction in the MR and an increase in the MWD. This research showed that alum was effective in improving soil aggregate stability and decreasing aggregate rupture stress.     

利用孔石莼类海藻制作生物质板材的工艺

该文以海藻的有效利用为出发点,利用孔石莼类海藻为原料,研制一种可自然降解的新型绿色环保材料——生物质板材,来取代现有的一部分塑料制品等。将海藻孔石莼在水饱和的状态下研碎,然后在恒温环境下进行自然纤维离解,从而提高纤维活性。再利用压缩成型方法将纤维二次连接以提高材料强度。最后利用电导传热干燥进行再脱水及纤维连接完成生物质板材制作。结果表明,孔石莼板材的破坏强度达到131 MPa,是一般聚乙烯发泡板材的4倍。因此,利用海藻、通过如上的制作工艺完全可以制作出性能优良的生物质板材。其高强度、可自然降解等特性,在营养钵、地面保温、覆盖等方面有很好的应用前景。     

重组木与重组竹抗弯性能的比较

以杨木和毛竹为原料,制造了重组木和重组竹。对重组木和重组竹的抗弯弹性模量(MOE)和静曲强度(MOR)进行测试和分析。结果表明:密度在0.7g/cm3以上时,重组竹的抗弯弹性模量比重组木的性能好,弹性模量与密度呈线性相关;重组竹和重组木的静曲强度与密度间呈二次相关,重组竹密度在0.8g/cm3以下时,其静曲强度比重组木略低,密度在0.8g/cm3以上时,重组竹的静曲强度比重组竹的略高。将重组竹在低密度下的高弹性模量与杨木相对较高的静曲强度相结合,制造的木竹重组材可以制造出轻质高强的新型结构材料。     

3种无损检测方法评估巨尾桉木材抗弯和抗压强度性质

为探讨不同无损检测方法评估木材强度性质的可行性及可靠性,该文分别运用纵向基频振动、超声波和应力波3种无损检测方法,对由广西东门林场采集的34株14年生巨尾桉人工林加工的191个无疵小试样进行了抗弯和抗压强度性质预测。首先采用3种无损检测设备获得无疵小试样的动态弹性模量,然后进行抗弯弹性模量（MOE）、抗弯强度（MOR）和顺纹抗压强度（σc）的测定,并分析3种无损检测结果与木材强度性质的关系。结果表明:纵向基频振动法、超声波法和应力波法获得的动态弹性模量Efr、Eus和Esw与静态MOE的相关系数分别为0.816 6、0.788 9和0.634 7,均在0.001水平上显著相关;与MOR的相关系数分别为0.694 0、0.683 0和0.567 3,均在0.001水平上显著相关;与σc的相关系数分别为0.810 3、0.809 3和0.648 9,均在0.001水平上显著相关;其中应力波法测得的动态弹性模量Esw与木材强度性质的相关系数均为最低。可见,纵向基频振动法和超声波法能够比较精准地预测国标无疵小试样的MOE、MOR和σc,但应力波方法对无疵小试样进行测定时具有一定局限性。      

Results and complications of a novel technique for primary castration with an inguinal approach in horses

Reasons for performing study: Complications associated with equine castration can have medical and financial consequences. This retrospective study investigated a novel method of castration via an inguinal approach in mature stallions and compared the incidence of complications with other methods. Hypothesis: Castration via an inguinal approach has a low complication rate at the site of surgery compared with other castration techniques. Methods: Mature stallions (n = 238) were castrated under general anaesthesia in dorsal recumbency using an inguinal approach. The vaginal process was incised, the spermatic cord ligated twice and the testis removed. After suturing, the vaginal process and one or 2 layers of fascia, the subcutis and cutis were closed in a simple continuous pattern. Results: Five of 238 (2.1%) horses had post operative haemorrhage and a haematoma in the scrotal region, which required additional treatment. All horses made a full recovery. Five of 238 (2.1%) of the horses had a post operative respiratory infection, which resolved with antibiotic therapy. Sixteen of 238 (8.8%) had transient signs of colic shortly after surgery. Conclusion: This technique of castration with an inguinal approach had a low incidence of complications at the site of surgery compared with other methods. An inguinal approach and leaving the vaginal tunic in situ may cause less soft tissue trauma than a scrotal approach.     

Management of oesophageal rupture by tube feeding through the oesophageal wound

This case report describes the management of a perforation of the oesophagus after an obstruction of long duration by creating an oesophagostomy with an indwelling tube through the oesophageal wound. The oesophageal perforation was diagnosed by clinical examination, oesophagoscopy, ultrasonography and contrast radiography. The perforation was managed by insertion of a feeding tube through the original oesophageal wound and careful nutritional and antimicrobial management with a good short-term outcome after closure of the fistula.     

Herniation of the small intestine through the femoral canal after castration in a 3‐year‐old Thoroughbred

Complications following castration are a potential problem in equine practice. Intestinal evisceration is a life‐threatening condition requiring immediate correction. The following case report describes a rare condition associated with post castration evisceration in a 3‐year‐old Thoroughbred. Shortly after the eviscerated small intestine was repositioned in the abdomen, the horse showed signs of colic and at the second surgery a 4.5 m jejunal loop was found incarcerated in the femoral canal. After resection and anastomosis, the femoral canal was obliterated using large moistened gauze sponges. The horse made a complete recovery and returned to race training. The occurrence of femoral hernia, a condition fairly common in man, has been described but no clinical cases have been reported in horses. This is a severe, although rare, complication after castration.     

Feasibility of utilizing the patellar ligament angle for assessing cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs

The patellar ligament angle (PLA) was assessed in 105 normal stifle joints of 79 dogs and 33 stifle joints of 26 dogs with a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL). The PLA of stifles with complete CrCL rupture was significantly lower than that of normal stifles, particularly at a flexion angle of 60~80° in both plain and stress views. If the PLA was <90.55° on the stress view with a 60~80° flexion angle, the dog was diagnosed with a complete rupture of the CrCL with a sensitivity of 83.9% and specificity of 100%. In conclusion, measuring the PLA is a quantitative method for diagnosing complete CrCL rupture in canines.