Genetic relatedness among eastern North American blackberry cultivars based on pedigree analysis

Blackberry genetic relationships (Rubus subgenus Rubus Watson) have not been thoroughly studied. The University of Arkansas maintains one of the largest blackberry-breeding programs in the world and thus, in-depth knowledge of the cultivars released from the program and others instrumental in their lineages can aid in breeding endeavors. Pedigrees of 32 cultivars were traced to their founding clones. Genetic contribution (GC), maximum potential similarity (MPS), inbreeding coefficient, and coefficients of relationship (CR) were calculated for all genotypes. Nineteen founding clones contributed to the 32 cultivars, ranging from <1% to 19%. The top three founding clones for mean GC conferred nearly 50% to the 32 cultivars in this study, suggesting a somewhat narrow genetic base. Calculations for MPS ranged from complete similarity (1.00) to 0.00. Individual inbreeding coefficients ranged from 0.00 to 0.25. The coefficient of relationship was used as a method of determining genetic relatedness and ranged from 0.00 to 0.74. University of Arkansas cultivars had the highest MPS and CR in the study. This may be attributed to more generations of hybridization than the other cultivars. The MPS provided some comparable results to those of RFLP and RAPD molecular studies, but CR did not. The rather narrow genetic base of eastern North American blackberry cultivars does not create an imminent, significant concern for loss of diversity. However, more diverse germplasm should be infused for continuation of heterogeneity.     

不同温型早籼稻叶片光合及生理性状的差异

本研究旨在明确不同温型早籼稻气冠温差(CTD)与叶片光合及生理性状的关系,为快速筛选优质种质资源以及制定合理的栽培调控措施提供理论依据。选用低温型和高温型早籼稻品种各3个作为试验材料,在相同栽培管理措施下,监测孕穗期、抽穗期各品种冠层温度与大气温度,并测定叶片光合性状、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量,以明确气冠温差与叶片光合及生理性状的关系。结果表明：与高温型品种相比,低温型品种有较高的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,可溶性糖和叶绿素含量也较高,且SOD、CAT、POD活性较强,丙二醛含量较低,但可溶性蛋白含量总体相差不大。相关性分析表明,早籼稻CTD与剑叶净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率呈显著正相关,与胞间CO₂浓度呈负相关,但未达到显著水平。CTD与叶片可溶性糖含量,SPAD值和SOD酶活性显著正相关,与丙二醛含量呈显著负相关。     

多功能减压管在立筒仓和浅圆仓中的应用

在立筒仓及浅圆仓中安装多功能通风熏蒸减压降碎装置,可以有效降低粮食入库破碎率,减少自动分级影响,减缓出库时粮堆整体移动产生的动载荷,保护仓内设施,延长筒仓及浅圆仓使用寿命.同时利用多功能减压管进行内环流熏蒸及通风降温降湿进一步完善了立筒仓及浅圆仓储粮性能,提高了储粮稳定性.     

137Cs、HCHs测定岩溶洼地沉积物年代及流域产沙强度

以青木关岩溶槽谷区内代表性耕地型与林地型洼地小流域为研究对象,从洼地沉积物入手,探明各洼地沉积物剖面~(137)Cs比活度、六六六(HCHs)、有机质、黏粒含量及容重的深度分布特征;运用~(137)Cs示踪法,辅以HCHs进行沉积物断代,追溯流域近60年来的土壤侵蚀量演变特征及探讨其驱动因素。结果表明:(1)炮台院子耕地型洼地沉积物剖面~(137)Cs、HCHs仅有个别层位检出,无法利用~(137)Cs、HCHs深度分布进行沉积物断代,反映了发育的落水洞对其沉积物剖面影响大。(2)龙洞槽耕地型和劳动村林地型洼地小流域1963—1983,1984—2019年产沙模数分别为231.78,82.04 t/(km~2·a)和68.79,39.46 t/(km~2·a),表明流域生态环境得到明显改善。与1963—1983年时段相比,该地区1984—2019年时段年平均降水量无明显变化,2个小流域产沙模数均显著减小,表明近60年流域产沙强度主要受土地利用方式、水土保持措施等人类活动控制。(3)龙洞槽洼地剖面~(137)Cs、HCHs峰值,表层泥沙~(137)Cs、HCHs数值和不同时期流域产沙模数均明显大于劳动村洼地,主要是由2个洼地分别控制的耕地型与林地型小流域在人类活动影响下产沙强度的差异所致。另外,~(137)Cs和HCHs相结合的示踪方法可较好地用于评估西南岩溶流域产沙量的时间变化。     

典型喀斯特峰丛洼地坡面土壤养分空间变异性研究

采用线形取样,利用地统计学方法研究了典型喀斯特峰丛洼地坡面土壤养分的空间变异特征.结果表明:有机碳、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾具有相似的空间变异结构,其变程变化在212～251 m之间,与坡面不同土地利用方式的空间范围相当.全磷和全钾的变异尺度较小,为141.2 m和120.6m.受部分耕地施用磷肥影响,速效磷的变异尺度最小,仅为85.1 m.除pH值外,土壤各养分均表现为强烈的空间相关性.有机碳、全氮、碱解氮等养分的空间分布表现出随着海拔高度增加而增大的特征,人类的耕作管理和峰丛洼地特殊的水文地质过程是影响土壤养分空间变异的主要因素.     

喀斯特峰丛洼地次生林土壤有机碳的剖面分布特征

采用样方法研究了喀斯特峰丛洼地八角枫(Alangium chinensis)、盐肤木(Rhus chinensis)、黄荆(Vitex negundo) 3种典型次生林群落土壤有机碳（SOC）含量、密度的剖面分布特征。结果表明,土壤有机碳含量与土壤根系生物量呈极显著正相关;不同次生林群落060 cm土壤有机碳平均含量和密度不同,依次为黄荆八角枫盐肤木,盐肤木的碳含量显著低于黄荆和八角枫群落,碳密度显著低于黄荆;3种次生林群落土壤碳含量和密度都与土壤深度有较好的线性关系,随土壤深度的增加而降低,2060 cm各层次的差异不显著,但均显著低于010 cm土层;不同次生林群落土壤各层次碳含量和密度均表现为为黄荆八角枫盐肤木,其中盐肤木群落1040 cm 3个层次的碳含量及2030 cm的碳密度显著低于另外2个群落。由此可见,喀斯特峰丛洼地退化生态系统合理的植被恢复方式是促进该区域生态重建和碳贮存的关键。     

Variable effectivity of three vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal endophytes in Hedysarum coronarium and Medicago sativa

Summary Plants of Hedysarum coronarium L. and Medicago sativa L., inoculated with Glomus caledonium, were grown for 6 weeks in soils with increasing amounts of available phosphorus (P). H. coronarium showed no or very low levels of infection even at very low soil P content (4 ppm), while in M. sativa the highest soil P level (20 ppm) was associated with the lowest percentage of infection. Medicago sativa and H. coronarium grown for 16 weeks in a sandy soil showed clear effects of Glomus inoculation on shoot growth and P uptake. In M. sativa inoculation increased shoot growth and P uptake in all treatments considerably, while the P concentration in the shoot was depressed by G. caledonium. In H. coronarium inoculation with G. mosseae and G. occultum had only a modest impact on shoot growth; G. caledonium even depressed shoot growth significantly. Glomus inoculation had a positive impact on the P concentrations in the shoots of H. coronarium. The growth-depressing effect of G. caledonium on H. coronarium is discussed.     

Heterosis and inbreeding depression in forage rape (Brassica napus L.)

Summary Heterosis and inbreeding depression for total fresh and dry weights were studied over two seasons in 15 crosses of six cultivars of forage rape (Brassica napus L.). Some of the hybrids exhibited considerable heterosis over both mid-parent and better parent; followed by depression in the F₂. The cross Windal × Canard had 62% and 25% greater dry matter yield over the best cultivar used in this experiment in 1978 and 1979, respectively. Possibilities of the utilization of this hybrid superiority are discussed.     

坡面地表填洼量估算方法研究

地表填洼量是水文过程分析的重要内容之一,与地表糙度密切相关。为了获得地表填洼量的估算方法,通过概化不同形式的微地形形状,推求出了相应的地表填洼量的理论计算公式,并且通过试验资料对理论公式进行检验,获得了理论填洼量与实际填洼量相应的修正系数。结果表明:理论填洼量和实测填洼量均随着坡度的增加而减小;单位坡长的填洼量随着坡长变化并没有明显变化;填洼量随着上方来水流量的增加而呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,满足相应的线性增长关系。同时分析了填洼量与糙度间关系,结果显示填洼量随着地表糙度增大而增大,二者表现为乘幂关系。     

近100年喀斯特槽谷区洼地沉积速率与流域产沙强度

首次尝试通过沉积物定年反演喀斯特洼地流域单元近100年尺度的侵蚀产沙历史,这有助于认识人类活动对喀斯特石漠化演化过程的影响。以喀斯特槽谷区典型洼地—常家洼洼地为研究对象,应用137Cs、210Pbex定年法分析了近100年的流域产沙强度特征。结果表明:(1)洼地平均沉积速率为1.00cm/a(1917—1963年)和0.25 cm/a(1963—2017年),流域的平均产沙模数为609t/(km^2·a)(1917—1963年)和152t/(km^2·a)(1963—2017年);(2)1917—1963年期间流域产沙强度远高于1963年以后,这与该地区民国至新中国建国初期强烈的人类活动有密切关系,尤其是上世纪50年代末大规模伐木;(3)1963年以来产沙强度明显减小,这是由于此前发生过较强侵蚀导致土壤变少,局部基岩出露,加之此间植被恢复、人类扰动强度降低和水土保持工程实施;(4)常家洼流域产沙强度高于西南其他喀斯特地区,与流域岩性和人为扰动有关。喀斯特石漠化并非仅是近50年人类活动的结果,也与近100年乃至更长时间尺度的人类活动有关。