Dry-season sesbania fallows and their influence on nitrogen availability and maize yields in Malawi

Nitrogen deficiency is widespread in southern Africa, but inorganic fertilizers are often unaffordable for smallholder farmers. Short-duration leguminous fallows are one possible means of soil fertility restoration. We monitored preseason topsoil (0 to 20 cm) ammonium and nitrate, fallow biomass production and grain yields for three years in a relay cropping trial with sesbania [Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.] and maize (Zea mays L.). Sesbania seedlings were interplanted with maize during maize sowing at 0, 7400 or 14,800 trees ha^–1, in factorial combination with inorganic N fertilizer at 0 or 48 kg N ha^–1 (half the recommended rate). After maize harvest, fallows were allowed to grow during the seven-month dry season, and were cleared before sowing the next maize crop. Both sesbania fallows and inorganic N fertilizer resulted in significantly greater (P < 0.01 to 0.05) preseason topsoil nitrate-N than following unfertilized sole maize. In plots receiving no fertilizer N, preseason topsoil inorganic N correlated with maize yield over all three seasons (r ² = 0.62, P < 0.001). Sesbania fallows gave significantly higher maize yields than unfertilized sole maize in two of three years (P < 0.01 to 0.05). Sesbania biomass yields were extremely variable, were not significantly related to sesbania planting density, and were inconsistently related to soil N fractions and maize yields. Short-duration fallows may offer modest yield increases under conditions where longer duration fallows are not possible. This gain must be considered against the loss of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp) harvest in the similarly structured maize-pigeonpea intercrop common in the region.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

山茱萸嫁接繁殖试验

山茱萸嫁接试验结果表明，采用改进型嵌芽接(所削芽片宽0．5cm，长2．5～3．0cm)成活率最高，可达80．7％，全芽绑扎方法能够明显提高嫁接成活率。嫁接时接穗和砧木的粗度最佳范围0．4～0．6cm，最佳的解绑时间是30d。     

祁连山区草地土壤氮空间分布格局

就祁连山草原生态系统土壤氮在不同时期、不同放牧强度条件及不同土层深度条件下空间分布进行了试验研究,运用回归分析及方差显著性检验对土壤全氮含量进行了分析,结果发现3种不同放牧条件下,祁连山草地土壤氮的变化量差异显著;同时发现不同土层深度和土壤容积质量与土壤全氮量之间存在很好的线性相关关系,从而指出合理放牧会全面提高土壤质量。     

适于AFLP分析的澳洲坚果DNA提取方法

利用SDS法和改良CTAB法对澳洲坚果两个品种的基因组DNA进行提取试验,结果表明:SDS法与改良CTAB法提取的基因组DNA完整性都比较好,但SDS法获得的DNA含有较多杂质,不能被限制性内切酶消化,改良CTAB法提取的基因组DNA可以完全酶切,DNA质量符合AFLP分析的要求。     

Biological nitrogen fixing capacity and biomass production of different understorey pastures in a Pinus radiata-pasture agroforestry system in New Zealand

Quantitative field measurements of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and biomass production by four different understorey pastures in a Pinus radiata-pasture agroforestry system were determined over a period of one year. The trees were two years old at the beginning of this study and the understorey pastures were being cut and removed for silage. The BNF was determined using the ¹⁵N dilution technique. Pastures of ryegrass+clover, cocksfoot+clover, phalaris+clover and lucerne were used. Substantial amounts of BNF were found (71 to 230 kg N ha^–1 year^–1) with lucerne showing the highest N fixation. However, lucerne derived only 71 to 72% of its N from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) during the spring/summer period compared to 83–97% with clovers, thus the net N demand from the soil was substantially higher with lucerne. This caused increased N stress to the trees. Clover in ryegrass+clover pasture fixed more N than the other grass+clover pastures. Although pasture position in relation to trees did not affect annual pasture total DMY and %Ndfa, pastures north of tree row grew better than those in other positions. Trees significantly affected the BNF of legumes and the botanical composition of pastures with highest BNF and legume production occurring in pastures midway between two rows of trees. These results suggest that it would be advantageous to evaluate different legumes and grasses for tolerance of shade and moisture stress in future studies. As the trees studied were only 1.5 to 3 m in height, their effects on BNF, seasonal pasture biomass production and botanical composition are expected to increase with tree dominance in the ecosystem with time. Amounts of N fixed were related to the productivity (i.e. dry matter and N yield) and seasonal persistence of the legumes. The productivity was high in spring and summer and low in autumn and winter.     

Traditional fallows in Latin America

Traditional fallow systems of Latin America have not been extensively studied from either a socioeconomic or biophysical viewpoint. Only in the past decade have some of these systems — modified shifting cultivation in the Amazon, the bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella) fallow of southeastern Brazil, the babassu (Attalea spp.) system of the Amazon margins, and short bush fallows mostly for Phaseolus bean (the so-called frijol tapado) — received any attention. Over the past century, traditional cultivators have adopted several legumes such as Mucuna spp., Lathyrus nigrivalis, Canavalia spp., and Senna guatemalensis as green manures or managed fallows in food crop production systems, which have recently been the object of studies by social and biological scientists. Longer, monospecific fallows involving woody legumes have been studied to varying degrees. The legumes include Senna guatemalensis, Mimosa tenuiflora, and Gliricidia sepium. Systems in which crop production is alternated with animal grazing of secondary vegetation include the caatinga of Northeast Brazil, the espinales of Chile, the matorrales of northern Mexico, and the chaco of Argentina, Paraguay, and Bolivia. A classification is proposed depending on the nature of the species (woody or nonwoody) and their composition (mono- or multispecies) and land management (burned or not). Much work is still needed in more complete characterization, determination of economic importance and potential, understanding the relationships among components, studies of nutrient cycling, and verification of the effects of shorter fallow periods of these systems.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

滇西北高寒地区牧草混播组合的筛选

为提高香格里拉高寒地区饲草生产能力,在小中甸镇开展了牧草混播组合试验.试验设5个混播组合(A1、A2、A3、A4、A5),随机区组设计,连续两年对牧草产量和组分进行测定,第2年取混合样对营养含量进行分析.结果表明,A1和A5组合牧草产量显著高于A2、A3和A4 (P＜0.05);A3、A1、A5年度间群落组分变化不大,稳定性较强;A2、A4、A5的粗蛋白含量较高,均超过24％.3项指标综合考虑,A1[安巴鸭茅(Dactylis glomerata cv.Anmba)+草地休衣白三叶(Trifolium repens cv.Grasslands huia)+红三叶(T.pratense)]和A5[安巴鸭茅+雅晴多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne cv.Yatsyn)+海法白三叶(T.repens cv.Haifa)+普纳菊苣(Cichorium intybus cv.Puna)]适宜在香格里拉高寒地区种植应用.     

Study on the Nutritional-ecologic Environment of Fe,Cu,Mn,Zn and Se in Yili Summer Pasture of Xinjiang (Ⅰ)

This experiment objective was to study the Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Se five kinds of trace element contents, distribution characteristics and mutual relations in the soil-grass-water (stream) in Yili pastoral area of Xinjiang, to evaluate the trace elements nutritional-ecologic environment of Yili summer pasture in Xinjiang.At the altitudinal belt of 1400 to 2999 m of the summer pasture of the Karajon grassland (South slope) and Tangbula grassland (North slope) of Yili, Xinjiang, the samples of soil (n=75), herbage (n=75), stream water (n=75) were collected according to the altitude, to determine their contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Se for evaluating the nutritional-ecologic environment of trace elements of Yili summer pasture.The results showed that the contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn in the soil of summer pasture on average were 15 418.4, 32.6, 474.5 and 115.8 mg/kg, respectively;And 446.0, 7.8, 85.7 and 41.9 mg/kg, respectively in forage;The correlation (R²) of the contents of Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn between soil and forage were 0.43, 0.82, 0.47 and 0.72, respectively;The changes of Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn contents in the soil and forage were not significantly related with the altitude.There were no the 4 elements mentioned above in river streams, there was no Se in the soil and forage, and there was infinitesimal of Se in the river streams.It was concluded that in Yili summer pasture there were excessive Fe, suitable Zn and Mn, insufficient Cu, and more insufficient Se.     

基于改进SSD卷积神经网络的苹果定位与分级方法

为实现苹果果径与果形快速准确自动化分级,提出了基于改进型SSD卷积神经网络的苹果定位与分级算法。深度图像与两通道图像融合提高苹果分级效率,即对从顶部获取的苹果RGB图像进行通道分离,并提取分离通道中影响苹果识别精度最大的两个通道与基于ZED双目立体相机从苹果顶部获取的苹果部分深度图像进行融合,在融合图像中计算苹果的纵径相关信息,实现了基于顶部融合图像的多个苹果果形分级和信息输出;使用深度可分离卷积模块替换原SSD网络主干特征提取网络中部分标准卷积,实现了网络的轻量化。经过训练的算法在验证集下的识别召回率、精确率、mAP和F1值分别为93.68%、94.89%、98.37%和94.25%。通过对比分析了4种输入层识别精确率的差异,实验结果表明输入层的图像通道组合为DGB时对苹果的识别与分级mAP最高。在使用相同输入层的情况下,比较原SSD、Faster R-CNN与YOLO v5算法在不同果实数目下对苹果的实际识别定位与分级效果,并以mAP为评估值,实验结果表明改进型SSD在密集苹果的mAP与原SSD相当,比Faster R-CNN高1.33个百分点,比YOLO v5高14.23个百分点...     

基于改进YOLO v7的生猪群体体温热红外自动检测方法

针对当前生猪规模化养殖过程中基于热红外技术的生猪体温测量效率低的问题,提出了一种基于改进YOLO v7的生猪群体体温检测方法。改进YOLO v7算法在Head层引入VoV-GSCSP结构,降低网络结构复杂度;使用内容感知特征重组(Content-aware reassembly of features,CARAFE)替换模型原始上采样算子,提高特征图放大后的品质,强化生猪头部区域有效特征;引入感受野增强模块（Receptive field enhancement module,RFE）,增强特征金字塔对生猪头部特征的提取能力。本文改进YOLO v7算法对于生猪头部的检测精确率为87.9%,召回率为92.5%,平均精度均值（Mean average precision,mAP）为94.7%。与原始YOLO v7相比,精确率提高3.6个百分点,召回率提高7.0个百分点,mAP提高3.6个百分点。该方法首先自动检测生猪头部区域,再利用头部最大温度与耳根温度的高相关性,最终自动获取生猪体温。温度提取平均绝对误差仅为0.16℃,检测速度为222f/s,实现了生猪群体体温的实时精准检测。综合上述试验结果表明,该方法能够自动定位生猪群体的头部区域,满足生猪群体体温测定的高效和高精度要求,为群养生猪体温自动检测提供了有效的技术支撑。