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121.
Assessing soil erosion and control factors by the radiometric technique in the Boussouab catchment,Eastern Rif,Morocco 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In the Eastern Rif of N Morocco, soil conservation is seriously threatened by water erosion. Large areas of soil have reached an irreversible state of degradation. In this study, the 137Cs technique was used to quantify erosion rates and identify the main factors involved in the erosion process based on a representative catchment of the Eastern Rif. To estimate erosion rates in terms of the main factors affecting soil losses, samples were collected taking into account the lithology, slope and land use along six selected transects within the Boussouab catchment. The transects were representative of the main land uses and physiographic characteristics of that Rif sector. The reference inventory for the area was established at a stable, well preserved, matorral site (value of 4250 Bq m− 2). All the sampling sites were eroded and 137Cs inventories varied widely (between 245 and 3670 Bq m− 2). The effective soil losses were also highly variable (between 5.1 and 48.8 t ha− 1 yr− 1). Soil losses varied with land use. The lowest average values were on matorral and fallow land (10.5 and 15.2 t ha− 1 yr− 1, respectively) but much higher with alfa vegetation or cereal crops (31.6 and 27.3, respectively). The highest erosion rate was on a badland transect at the more eroded part of the catchment, with rates exceeding 40 t ha− 1 yr− 1 and reaching a maximum of 48.8 t ha− 1 yr− 1.The average soil losses increased by more than 100% when the slope increased from 10° (17.7 t ha− 1 yr− 1) to 25° (40. 8 t ha− 1 yr− 1). Similar results were obtained when comparing erosion rates in soils that were covered by matorral with respect to those under cultivation. Lithology was also a key factor affecting soil loss. Soils on marls were more erodible and the average erosion rates reached 29.36 t ha− 1 yr− 1, which was twice as high as soils on the glacis and old fluvial terraces (average rates of 14.98 t ha− 1 yr− 1). The radiometric approach was very useful to quantify erosion rates and to examine the pattern of soil movement. The analysis of main erosion factors can help to promote rational soil use and establish conservation strategies in the study area. 相似文献
122.
延河甘谷驿水文站以上水土流失面积5891km2,年均侵蚀模数8000t/km2。该流域自50年代开展水土保持综合治理,截至1989年底止,已完成水土保持综合治理面积2593.6km2,治理程度达44%。采用水文法、水保法分析河流水沙变化,与非治理时段1956~1969年相比,治理期70~80年代年均减沙2640万t,减少了40%,其中降雨偏枯影响占8%,下垫面影响占92%;治理期内年均减水0.44亿m3,减少了17.5%,其中降雨影响占23.8%,下垫面影响占76.2%。在下垫面减沙减水中,水土保持措施的作用分别占72.7%和50.6%。 相似文献
123.
Stuart J. SmythMichael Gusta Kenneth BelcherPeter W.B. Phillips David Castle 《Agricultural Systems》2011,104(5):403-410
The commercial production of herbicide tolerant (HT) canola began in Western Canada in 1997. With more than a decade of use, the actual farm-level environmental impact of HT canola can be evaluated. This article reports on a spring 2007 survey of nearly 600 canola farmers in the three prairie provinces of Western Canada. Producers were asked about their crop production experiences for 2005 and 2006 and expected crop planting for 2007. A reduction in the total number of chemical applications over the 3-year period was reported, resulting in a decrease of herbicide active ingredient being applied to farmland in Western Canada of nearly 1.3 million kg annually. Fewer tillage passes over the survey period were reported, improving moisture conservation, decreasing soil erosion and contributing to carbon sequestration in annual cropland. An estimated 1 million tonnes of carbon is either sequestered or no longer released under land management facilitated by HT canola production, as compared to 1995. The value of this carbon off-set is estimated to be C$5 million. Comparisons with similar studies and against non-adoption of HT canola can guide future decisions about HT canola adoption. 相似文献
124.
陈雪珍 《农业环境科学学报》2011,(2)
介绍了医学F1000因子的概念和计算公式,选取医学F1000网站部分文献,通过其F1000因子与其所在期刊影响因子的比较,发现医学F1000与影响因子在评价对象、评价方法 、组织文献方法等方面的不同,建议在评价文献质量时应综合应用这两项指标。 相似文献
125.
126.
我国农用农药环境影响评价 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
张大弟 《上海交通大学学报(农业科学版)》2002,20(Z1):1-5
2000年我国农用农药需求量23.31万t.农田农药年负荷量和单次用量分别是1.78kg/hm2和471.6g/hm2;高毒农药和水溶性农药的用量分别是7.109万t和12.01万t.农药总排毒系数和每公顷的排毒系数分别是2794.36×106t/hm2和21.50t/hm2,使用杀虫剂的平均LD50为48mg/kg.低效、高毒和水溶性农药生产量和使用量大是我国农药品种结构不合理的主要标志,优化这种农药品种结构是非常必要的. 相似文献
127.
The main objective of this research was to evaluate two possibilities of material feed rate measurement of modern mowing machines equipped with conditioner. The machines are commonly used for harvest of grasses (Lolium multiflorum, Dactylus glomerata, Phleum pratense, etc.), clover (Trifolium pratense, etc.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa) etc.A mowing machine with finger conditioner was equipped with an electronic measuring unit for the purpose of our measurements. The mowing machine's conditioner shaft was supplied with strain gauges placed on a torque-meter and with a RPM optical sensor counter. Together with torque-meter the mowing machine was equipped with a curved impact plate mounted on the machine's material output.It was decided to arrange a laboratory measurement to obtain information about the dependence of conditioner power input and signals from the impact plate on material mass flow. A mixture of grass and alfalfa was used for our measurement.The measurements carried out proved that a very good linear relationship existed between the conditioner's power input, output frequency of the apparatus measuring impact force by means of the impact plate, and material feed rate through the mowing machine. The calculated coefficients of correlation were about 0.95. It is possible to differentiate a material feed rate difference of 0.5kgs–1 using both methods. This accuracy should be sufficient for practical utilisation such as creating yield maps. 相似文献
128.
The downstream impacts of increasing water consumption in the upstream rain-fed areas of the Karkheh Basin, Iran are simulated using the semi-distributed SWAT model. Three scenarios are tested at subbasin and basin levels: converting rain-fed areas to irrigation agriculture (S1), improving soil water availability through rainwater harvesting (S2), and a combination of both (S3). The results of these scenarios were compared against the baseline period 1988-2000. The S1 scenario shows a 10% reduction in mean annual flow at the basin level, varying from 8-15% across the subbasins. The reductions in mean monthly flows are in the range of 1-56% at the basin level, with June witnessing the highest flow reduction. Flow reductions are comparatively higher in the upstream parts of the basin, as a result of a relatively higher potential of developing rain-fed areas coupled with comparatively lower amount of available runoff. The impacts of S2 are generally small with reductions of 2-5% and 1-9% in mean annual and mean monthly flows, respectively. The results of S3 are in general similar to those of S1. Although the estimated annual flow reductions remain well within the available water resources development potential, measures needs to be taken to avoid excessive flow reductions in May, June and July. It is recommended that only a limited agricultural area should be converted from rain-fed to irrigated agriculture (about 0.1 million ha), and should practice supplementary irrigation. The supplies should also be augmented through developing additional water storage. Adopting such measures is extremely important for the upper subbasins Gamasiab and Qarasou where comparatively higher flow reductions were estimated. 相似文献
129.
转基因耐草甘膦作物的环境安全性 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
世界每年因草害造成的作物产量损失达950亿美元,为了简便有效地防除多种杂草,农民希望喷施杀草谱广的除草剂。转基因耐除草剂作物的种植为农民提供了更多的除草剂选择,在扩大杀草谱、提高除草效果、增加作物安全性、改善环境、简化栽培等方面起到了积极作用。转基因耐除草剂作物的大面积种植也引起了全球对其环境安全问题的广泛关注。本文以耐草甘膦作物为例,对国内外环境安全的相关研究结果进行归纳和总结,以期为我国耐草甘膦转基因作物的环境安全评价及耐草甘膦作物的管理提供参考。 相似文献
130.