农药施用健康成本及其影响因素研究——基于粮食主产区农户调研数据

为定量测度稻农施用农药的健康成本,实证分析其影响因素,本研究利用农户实地调研数据,基于疾病成本法定量测度了稻农农药施用的健康成本,应用双对数模型定量分析其影响因素。研究发现,样本农户农药施用的健康成本为74．46元／（年·人）,分别占晚稻、中稻和早稻生产成本的9．85％、9．40％和1．57％;双对数模型实证研究发现施药者年龄、农民采取的防护措施、农药施用频次、每次花费的时间、IPM（病虫害综合防治）技术采纳程度、喷洒工具、到诊所（医院）距离以及是否是农药标签文盲等是农药施用农民健康成本的主要影响因素。为了有效降低农药施用农民的健康成本,从知识角度,应加强施药知识培训引导农户安全施药;从信息角度,应加强农药标签说明标准化管理;从科技角度,应加大高效率喷洒机械研发和补贴力度;从服务角度,应加强病虫害信息服务,同时加大IPM知识的扩散;从财政支持的角度,应加大国家对相关项目服务的补助力度。     

仔猪腹泻的病因分析及综合防制

仔猪腹泻是引起仔猪死亡的重要原因之一。该病病因复杂,始终是困扰养猪业的一大难题。文章详细分析了引起仔猪腹泻的非传染性病因（环境、仔猪自身等）及传染性病因（细菌、病毒、寄生虫等）,提出了预防为主,加强饲养管理及配合药物治疗的综合防制方案,对减少仔猪腹泻,维护养猪业的健康发展具有一定的指导意义。     

Exertional heat illness in Thoroughbred racehorses – Pathophysiology,case definition and treatment rationale

The combination of extreme heat, humidity and strenuous exercise is potentially challenging to the thermoregulatory system of a Thoroughbred racehorse, and under certain circumstances can cause a condition called exertional heat illness (EHI). It is difficult to predict its occurrence in an individual animal due to the combination on race day of extrinsic and intrinsic risk factors. Education regarding EHI is essential to its prevention, and lack of understanding amongst those responsible for the horse’s care may in fact be the most important risk factor. The pathophysiology of EHI is similar across elite athletic species and is directly related to an elevation in core body temperature that exceeds the ‘critical thermal maximum’, causing widespread destruction of cells. It is not only the high core temperature but also its duration that will dictate outcome. Treatment strategies should decrease the hyperthermia to near normal levels within 30 min of onset, which will minimise adverse consequences. This review article outlines the pathophysiological changes as EHI progresses, and the case definition at each emergent level. Pharmacological treatment strategies and their rationale are presented. Aggressive cooling, however, is the key treatment and requires a technique which is both practical and effective in rapidly reducing core body temperature. The treatment paradigm is early detection, rapid assessment enabling prioritisation of individuals and aggressive cooling. Each stage is critically discussed.     

High serum troponin I concentration as a marker of severe myocardial damage in a case of suspected exertional heatstroke in a dog

A young, overweight dog presented with sudden onset lethargy and collapse following exercise in warm environmental conditions. Investigations revealed systolic hypotension, multiform ventricular premature complexes, irregular myocardial echogenicity with poor left ventricular systolic function and a markedly elevated troponin cTnI (180 ng/mL, reference range <0.3 ng/mL) consistent with severe myocyte damage. Infectious causes of myocarditis were ruled out on the basis of serological and polymerase chain reaction blood tests. Exercise-induced malignant hyperthermia was excluded from the history, an exercise tolerance test and genetic testing for the RYR1 V547A mutation. The diagnosis was myocardial damage secondary to suspected exertional heatstroke, from which the dog recovered uneventfully over a number of weeks and serum troponin normalised. This is the first case report in any species including man, documenting high troponin as a marker of severe myocardial damage following suspected heatstroke.     

施肥对南板蓝穿孔病发生及防治的影响

通过大田试验研究了氮磷钾肥对南板蓝穿孔病危害程度的影响及该病的防治措施。结果表明,在南板蓝的栽培周期内,南板蓝穿孔病在7月15日前后的危害最严重。在尿素、碳铵、硝铵3种肥料中,使用尿素时南板蓝穿孔病的发生率最低,危害程度最轻。氮、钾肥的施用量及氮、磷肥的合理配施对南板蓝穿孔病的防治具有显著作用。     

Influence of Isoflurane General Anesthesia or Anesthesia and Surgery on Thyroid Function Tests in Dogs

Background: Anesthesia and surgery affect thyroid function tests in humans but have not been studied in dogs. Hypothesis: Anesthesia and anesthesia with surgery will affect thyroid function tests in dogs. Animals: Fifteen euthyroid dogs. Methods: Prospective, controlled, interventional study. Dogs were assigned to one of 3 groups: control, general anesthesia, and general anesthesia plus abdominal exploratory surgery. Dogs in the anesthesia and surgery groups were premedicated with acepromazine and morphine, induced with propofol, and maintained on isoflurane. Samples for measurement of serum thyroxine (T₄), free T₄ (fT₄) by equilibrium dialysis, triiodothyronine (T₃), reverse T₃ (rT₃), and thyroid‐stimulating hormone concentrations were collected from each dog immediately before premedication, at multiple times during anesthesia, surgery, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after anesthesia, once daily for an additional 5 days, and once 14 days after anesthesia. Sampling was performed at identical times in the control group. Results: Serum T₄ decreased significantly from baseline in the surgery and anesthesia groups compared with the control group at 0.33 (P= 0.043) and 1 hour (P= 0.018), and 2 (P= 0.031) and 4 hours (P= 0.037), respectively, then increased significantly in the surgery group compared with the control group at 24 hours (P= 0.005). Serum T₃ decreased significantly from baseline in the anesthesia group compared with the control group at 1 hour (P= 0.034). Serum rT₃ increased significantly from baseline in the surgery group compared with the control and anesthesia groups at 8 (P= 0.026) and 24 hours (P= 0.0001) and anesthesia group at 8, 12, 24, and 36 hours (P= 0.004, P= 0.016, P= 0.004, and P= 0.014, respectively). Serum fT₄ increased significantly from baseline in the surgery group compared to the control at 24 hours (P= 0.006) and at day 7 (P= 0.037) and anesthesia group at 48 hours (P= 0.023). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Surgery and anesthesia have a significant effect on thyroid function tests in dogs.