The barley mutant emr2 shows enhanced resistance against several fungal leaf pathogens

Homozygous mlo -barley plants are resistant to barley powdery mildew but hypersusceptible to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae . A mutational analysis was performed in the barley back-cross line BCIngrid mlo5 which led to the identification of two mutants with enhanced capacity to resist infections by M. oryzae , referred to as enhanced M. oryzae resistance mutants emr1 and emr2 . Here, we report on the characterization of emr2 mutant plants which not only show an almost complete reduction in disease severity after inoculation with M. oryzae but are also resistant to the necrotrophic fungi Drechslera teres and Rhynchosporium secalis . Histological analysis revealed that resistance to M. oryzae was based mainly on the formation of papillae at sites of attempted penetration into epidermal cells. There was no progression of fungal growth into the mesophyll. Additionally, because of the presence of the mlo -allele, emr2 -plants retained resistance to powdery mildew. The emr2 -conditioned broad spectrum resistance was inherited as in a recessive manner. Monitoring of PR -gene expression and enzymatic activity of peroxidases revealed a constitutively activated defence in emr2 .     

Efficiency of pyramiding of three quantitative resistance loci to apple scab

Quantitative plant resistance is supposed to be more durable than qualitative resistance for the control of plant diseases. However, it has been experimentally shown that erosion of quantitative resistance can occur. Cumulation of quantitative resistance loci (QRLs) in the same cultivar is considered to improve the efficiency and durability of quantitative resistance, but the choice of QRLs to be combined is of crucial importance. This study investigated whether the combination of QRLs acting on different stages of pathogen development could improve the efficiency of resistance in the apple scab pathosystem. The efficiencies of three QRLs were evaluated against 10 isolates of Venturia inaequalis and the stages of pathogen development that were affected by the QRLs were defined microscopically. A gain in the efficiency of resistance was observed when QRLs were pyramided compared to when they acted alone. Thanks to the combined effects of the individual QRLs, the pyramiding of the three QRLs hindered fungal development at different stages: before the penetration of the plant cuticule, after the penetration with hypersensitivity reaction, and during the colonization and asexual reproduction. These effects were dependent on the V. inaequalis isolates. These results suggest that the gain in efficiency of resistance by pyramiding may derive from the combination of different and complementary molecular mechanisms underlying QRLs. Thus, the resistance achieved from pyramiding such a combination of QRLs should be durable.     

Involvement of a vascular hypersensitive response in quantitative resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum on tomato rootstock cultivar LS‐89

Ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt disease in Solanaceae spp. Expression of the Phytophthora inhibitor protease 1 (PIP1) gene, which encodes a papain‐like extracellular cysteine protease, is induced in R. solanacearum‐inoculated stem tissues of quantitatively resistant tomato cultivar LS‐89, but not in susceptible cultivar Ponderosa. Phytophthora inhibitor protease 1 is closely related to Rcr3, which is required for the Cf‐2‐mediated hypersensitive response (HR) to the leaf mould fungus Cladosporium fulvum and manifestation of HR cell death. However, up‐regulation of PIP1 in R. solanacearum‐inoculated LS‐89 stems was not accompanied by visible HR cell death. Nevertheless, upon electron microscopic examination of inoculated stem tissues of resistant cultivar LS‐89, several aggregated materials associated with HR cell death were observed in xylem parenchyma and pith cells surrounding xylem vessels. In addition, the accumulation of electron‐dense substances was observed within the xylem vessel lumen of inoculated stems. Moreover, when the leaves of LS‐89 or Ponderosa were infiltrated with 10⁶ cells mL^?1 R. solanacearum, cell death appeared in LS‐89 at 18 and 24 h after infiltration. The proliferation of bacteria in the infiltrated leaf tissues of LS‐89 was suppressed to approximately 10–30% of that in Ponderosa, and expression of the defence‐related gene PR‐2 and HR marker gene hsr203J was induced in the infiltrated tissues. These results indicated that the response of LS‐89 is a true HR, and induction of vascular HR in xylem parenchyma and pith cells surrounding xylem vessels seems to be associated with quantitative resistance of LS‐89 to R. solanacearum.     

水稻白叶枯病菌hrcU基因缺失突变体构建及功能研究

 通过基因敲除方式,构建了水稻白叶枯病菌hrcU基因的缺失突变体。突变体丧失了在水稻上的致病性和在非寄主植物上的过敏反应。携带hrcU基因的黏粒完全互补了hrcU突变菌株的表型,互补菌在水稻组织中的生长能力也与野生型菌株相当。免疫杂交结果显示,hrcU基因突变后,水稻白叶枯病菌的Harpin蛋白Hpa1不能从细胞内分泌到胞外。这些结果表明,水稻白叶枯病菌hrcU基因的主要功能是形成Ⅲ型分泌系统,将效应分子分泌到病原细菌胞外,从而决定了在非寄主上的过敏反应和在水稻上的致病性。     

Effects of Microtubule Polymerization Inhibitor on the Hypersensitive Response of Wheat Induced by the Non-Host Pathogen Sphaerotheca fuliginea

The plant cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic and versatile intracellular scaffold composed of microtubules and microfilaments, serving a multiplicity of functions in plant cells. To reveal the relationship between the cytoskeleton in wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） cv. Suwon 11 attacked by the non-host pathogen Sphaerotheca fuliginea and the initiation of the hypersensitive response, the microtubule inhibitor oryzalin was injected into the wheat leaves immediately prior to inoculation. The incidence of hypersensitive cell death was significantly lower than that in water-treated control. In addition, the occurrence of hypersensitive cell death was also delayed and S. fuliginea was able to penetrate and form haustoria in epidermal tissues of wheat. All the results above indicated that hypersensitive cell death was associated with depolymerisation of microtubules, suggesting that microtubules might play an important role in the expression of non-host resistance of wheat.     

亚麻枯萎病病原菌鉴定及药剂筛选

根据亚麻枯萎病病原菌形态特征和致病性等特点,鉴定亚麻枯萎病病原菌为Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.Lini。通过供试的13种杀菌剂对病原菌菌丝的抑制效果研究表明:对亚麻枯萎病病原菌菌丝生长有较强抑制效果的杀菌剂有枯萎灵、代森锰锌,其抑菌率均为100%,其次为多菌灵(抑菌率为86.3%),爱苗(抑菌率为83.8%),根腐宁(抑菌率为82.5%)。     

豌豆白粉菌侵染对活性氧迸发规律和紫花苜蓿叶片结构的影响

以专性寄生菌豌豆白粉菌接种紫花苜蓿,采用比色法和组织化学法对活性氧^·O2-和H₂O₂迸发的时间、强度及作用位点进行了研究;并就侵染部位的叶片制作了石蜡切片,对叶片结构进行了观察。结果表明,接种后,抗性品种庆阳苜蓿^·O2-和H₂O₂迸发均呈双峰形,^·O2-出现在接菌后4和48 h,H₂O₂出现在接菌后4和24 h,且第一次高峰强度高于第二次;而感病品种德宝苜蓿^·O2-含量未出现明显波动,H₂O₂迸发呈单峰形,仅在接菌后4 h出现一次迸发高峰。对活性氧ROS的作用位点进行研究发现,在叶片表面和内部细胞均未发现蓝色的^·O2-沉积位点;而H₂O₂产生并积累于苜蓿上、下表皮细胞的细胞膜及受侵染处叶肉细胞的细胞质。此外,首次发现病原菌侵染后,苜蓿叶片组织结构也相应发生了改变,表皮细胞下的栅栏组织由一个长柱形细胞变为了多个卵圆形细胞,以致难以区分栅栏组织和海绵组织。本研究结果说明,不同植物种与病原菌互作中,活性氧积累的时间和强度均不相同,启动防御反应的活性氧种类亦不同;苜蓿叶肉细胞结构和形态改变可能是抵御白粉菌侵染的积极反应之一。     

不同生长剂对华北落叶松生长效应的初报

本文研究了不同生长剂与华北落叶松幼苗的生长关系。结果表明:不同生长剂对华北落叶松幼苗生长有不同的作用,试验地条件下,试验使用的各种生长剂对幼苗根系生长发育均有作用,以生长粉1号、3号、6号为好;不同生长剂对幼苗的高、径生长影响差异很大,以生长粉1号、6号为优。     

促进花生种子在低温胁迫下发芽的种衣剂的筛选研究

为了研究不同种衣剂对花生种子活力的影响,筛选适合我国南方应用的种衣剂,本文用科农系列种衣剂和闽农系列种衣剂及种衣剂1号、2号对花生种子进行包衣处理同时结合预播种及低温淹水胁迫条件进行比较试验.结果表明花生种子经种衣剂处理后,其发芽率、鲜重、活力指数及根系生长状况均显著高于对照;种子包衣处理后在低温淹水不良环境因素的影响下仍能保持较高的活力.科农种衣剂使用效果好,但对花生有一定的副作用,闽农种农剂对花生没有副作用,效果也较好,应进一步完善并加速开发推广.