接头分子在TLRs信号传导中的作用研究进展

接头分子在Toll样受体(Toll like receptors,TLRs)识别病原相关分子模式或损伤相关分子模式、发动和调节先天与后天免疫反应的信号传导网络中发挥着重要的生物学作用,与Toll样受体相结合后,其下游激酶和转录因子传导信号,激活细胞内核转录因子调控作用元件。TLRs接头分子的共同特征是含有TIR结构域,不同TLRs家族成员可依赖于一个或多个接头分子传导信号。对目前已确认的MyD88、MAL/TIRAP、TRIF、TRAM和SARM 5种接头分子在TLRs信号传导途径中的调控作用进行综述,以期为研究接头分子在TLRs信号传导中的作用机制提供参考。     

狭胸天牛幼虫触角主感器及下颚须和下唇须感受器扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜观察了狭胸天牛幼虫触角主感器及其下颚须和下唇须顶端感受器的形态，种 类和分布，并讨论了其结构与功能的关系。结果表明，触角主感器受肾形成唇形，长约９８．０μｍ，宽约２４．５μｍ。下颚须顶端感受器２０个～２５个，下唇须顶端约１５个感受器，根据不同形态，大致分为３种类型；栓锥形，锥柱形和腔锥形。栓锥形和锥柱形感受器分别着生于下颚须和下唇须顶端表面，腔锥形感受器着生于它们的端节侧面。     

鸡红细胞免疫功能研究——Ⅱ.某些因素对鸡红细胞C_(3b)受体免疫粘附活性的影响

应用红细胞C_(3b)受体花环试验及红细胞免疫复合物花环试验,对攻毒后不同时间的马立克氏病鸡以及不同日龄和品种的健康鸡进行了检测.结果,马立克氏病鸡红细胞免疫粘附活性呈现先升高后降低的变化;健康鸡随日龄的不断增长,红细胞免疫粘附活性不断下降;不同品种鸡之间红细胞免疫粘附活性不同.另外,应用红细胞C_(3b)受体花环促进试验及抑制试验,对不同日龄的健康鸡及攻毒后不同时间的马立克氏病鸡进行了检测,发现健康鸡血清中存在红细胞免疫粘附促进因子及抑制因子,前者耐热,后者不耐热,且随日龄的不断增长,促进因子活性不断升高,抑制因子活性有所下降,直到促进因子活性大于抑制因子活性.而在2日龄鸡未发现有这两种因子.马立克氏病鸡随病情的不断加重,促进因子活性先升高后降低,抑制因子则不断上升,直到超过促进因子活性.     

Effects of different group B streptococci strains on platelet activation

AIM: To explore the ability of different group B streptococci (GBS) strains on inducing platelet activation. METHODS: Six strains of GBS, separated from the septic patients with thrombocytopenia, were used as the inducers. Light transmission aggregometry was used to measure platelet aggregation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to investigate the interaction of platelets with bacteria. The expression of platelet CD62P, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 was determined by flow cytometry and Western blotting. Furthermore, the activity of platelet TLR2 (or TLR4) was blocked by anti-TLR2 (or anti-TLR4) monoclonal antibody, and the platelet aggregation induced by GBS was detected. RESULTS: Only 3 of 6 GBS strains isolated from the septic patients induced platelet aggregation and up-regulated the expression of CD62P and TLR2 in the platelets (P < 0.05), but not TLR4. Incubation with anti-TLR2 antibody, but not anti-TLR4 antibody, significantly blocked platelet aggregation induced by GBS.CONCLUSION: Some GBS strains from the patients are able to trigger platelet activation in vitro, and platelet TLR2 may play an important role in the interaction between GBS and platelets.     

模式识别受体及其相关分子佐剂研究进展

综述了模式识别受体（Pattern recognition receptors,PRRs）及其相关分子佐剂的研究进展。PRRs是一类表达于固有免疫细胞并可识别病原体相关分子模式的识别分子。PRRs主要包括Toll样受体、NOD样受体、RIG—I样受体、清道夫受体、甘露糖受体和髓系细胞触发受体等。与PRRs直接相关的分子佐剂主要包括TLR激动剂、NLR激动剂、RIG—I和MDA5激动剂及CD40和肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族（TNFRSF）激动剂等。     

镰形扇头蜱组胺结合蛋白RhHBP基因的克隆和重组表达

为了进行抗蜱及蜱传病疫苗的研究,本试验根据GenBank中的镰形扇头蜱组胺结合蛋白(Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloideshistamine bindingprotein,RhHBP)基因cDNA序列,设计一对特异性引物(内含EcoRI/XhoI酶切位点),经RT-PCR扩增了镰形扇头蜱组胺结合蛋白RhHBP的cD-NA,大小为603 bp,将其克隆到pGEM-Teasy中并测序。在去除编码RhHBP信号肽的核苷酸序列后,将其亚克隆到pGEX-4T-1中,构建重组质粒pGEX-4T-1-RhHBP,将该重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21,经终浓度为1 mmol/L IPTG诱导其表达,表达的融合蛋白大小为49 ku,以包涵体的形式存在。Western Blot分析表明,该蛋白具有良好的免疫原性。     

Enhancement of spinosad toxicity to<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cydia pomonella</Emphasis> neonates by monosodium glutamate receptor agonist

Recently, we reported that monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a feeding stimulant and an enhancer of pesticide toxicity against neonates of the codling moth. Herein, we show that a MSG alternative,trans-1-aminocyclobutane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (trans-ACBD), alone or in the presence of spinosad (Success®), increases leaf tissue consumption by codling moth neonates. In contrast to MSG,trans-ACBD maintains its feeding stimulatory properties in the field even after 20 mm of simulated rain, and effectively increases spinosad efficacy in both laboratory and field experiments.     

Comparative analysis of neonicotinoid binding to insect membranes: I. A structure-activity study of the mode of [3H]imidacloprid displacement in Myzus persicae and Aphis craccivora

Neonicotinoids bind selectively to insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors with nanomolar affinity to act as potent insecticides. While the members of the neonicotinoid class have many structural features in common, it is not known whether they also share the same mode of binding to the target receptor. Previous competition studies with [3H]imidacloprid, the first commercialised neonicotinoid, indicated that thiamethoxam, representing a novel structural sub-class, may bind in a different way from that of other neonicotinoids. In the present work we analysed the mode of [3H]imidacloprid displacement by established neonicotinoids and newly synthesized analogues in the aphids Myzus persicae Sulzer and Aphis craccivora Koch. We found two classes of neonicotinoids with distinct modes of interference with [3H]imidacloprid, described as direct competitive inhibition and non-competitive inhibition, respectively. Competitive neonicotinoids were acetamiprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, clothianidin and nithiazine, whereas thiamethoxam and the N-methyl analogues of imidacloprid and clothianidin showed non-competitive inhibition. The chloropyridine or chlorothiazole heterocycles, the polar pharmacophore parts, such as nitroimino, cyanoimino and nitromethylene, and the cyclic or acyclic structure of the pharmacophore were not relevant for the mode of inhibition. Consensus structural features of the neonicotinoids were defined for the two mechanisms of interaction with [3H]imidacloprid binding. Furthermore, two sub-classes of non-competitive inhibitors can be discriminated on the basis of their Hill coefficients for imidacloprid displacement. We conclude from the present data that the direct competitors share the binding site with imidacloprid, whereas non-competitive compounds, like thiamethoxam, bind to a different site or in a different mode.     

Comparative analysis of neonicotinoid binding to insect membranes: II. An unusual high affinity site for [3H]thiamethoxam in Myzus persicae and Aphis craccivora

Neonicotinoids represent a class of insect-selective ligands of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Imidacloprid, the first commercially used neonicotinoid insecticide, has been studied on neuronal preparations from many insects to date. Here we report first intrinsic binding data of thiamethoxam, using membranes from Myzus persicae Sulzer and Aphis craccivora Koch. In both aphids, specific binding of [3H]thiamethoxam was sensitive to temperature, while the absolute level of non-specific binding was not affected. In M persicae, binding capacity (Bmax) for [3H]thiamethoxam was ca 450 fmol mg(-1) of protein at 22 degrees C and ca 700 fmol mg(-1) of protein at 2 degrees C. The negative effect of increased temperature was reversible and hence not due to some destructive process. The affinity for [3H]thiamethoxam was less affected by temperature: Kd was ca 11 nM at 2 degrees C and ca 15 nM at 22 degrees C. The membranes also lost binding sites for [3H]thiamethoxam during prolonged storage at room temperature, and upon freezing and thawing. In A craccivora, [3H]thiamethoxam was bound with a capacity of ca 1000 fmol mg(-1) protein and an affinity of ca 90 nM, as measured at 2 degrees C. Overall, the in vitro temperature sensitivity of [3H]thiamethoxam binding was in obvious contrast to the behaviour of [3H]imidacloprid studied in parallel. Moreover, the binding of [3H]thiamethoxam was inhibited by imidacloprid in a non-competitive mode, as shown with M persicae. In our view, these differences demonstrate that thiamethoxam and imidacloprid, which represent different structural sub-classes of neonicotinoids, do not share the same binding site or mode. This holds also for other neonicotinoids, as we report in a companion article.