Habitat use by Thymallus thymallus in a chalk stream and implications for habitat management

Abstract Results of a number of studies on the interactions between grayling, Thymallus thymallus L., and its habitat in tributaries of the River Itchen, a chalk stream in Hampshire, southern England are reported. These include an investigation into the effect of riparian shading on T. thymallus growth and population density in relation to the development of in‐stream macrophyte cover, and the use of a multi‐point decoder system to record micro‐habitat use and preference of individual T. thymallus. In all stream sections, T. thymallus recruitment fluctuated greatly. Densities were generally low often restricting meaningful comparisons. However, where large differences occurred, wooded sections, with less aquatic macrophyte cover, generally had higher densities of T. thymallus. All age groups of T. thymallus (0+, 1+ and 2+) tended to occupy hard gravel substratum, both by day and by night in the autumn and winter, and used deeper and faster water with increasing age. The 1+ and 2+ groups were generally found in water 40–70‐cm deep with a velocity between 0.3 and 0.5 m s^?1, whilst the 0+ group showed a preference for shallower water with reduced velocity at night, particularly in the winter. The results are discussed in relation to habitat management where T. thymallus occur with other salmonids.     

朝阳地区植被演替及封育类型

朝阳地区在200年前林草茂盛，后经乱砍滥伐，使森林受到严重摧残，生态环境发生急剧变化，在闪生演替过程中，决定次生演替性质，方向和速度仍然是人为活动，由于环境的破坏程度不同，不同立地反应了次生演替的不同阶段，如果消除破坏因素，命名适生区生境的群落得以复生，依据更新 树种与立地相关关系，通过数量化理论分析，影响更新主导因子有坡向，土厚，坡位，母岩和海拔，按立地与更新树种双因子法划分出7种封育类型。     

应用MODIS数据估算草地生物量

利用新一代EOS/MODIS卫星遥感数据,针对MODIS的应用特点,借鉴国内外基于遥感手段监测植被的方法以及植被指数的研究进展.以天山北坡乌鲁木齐南郊的草地为研究区,通过野外实地采样得到与MODIS影像资料时相一致的草地地上生物量数据.并利用ENVI软件,提取典型区各样点的植被指数,分析遥感植被指数与植被生物量的相关关系,从而建立植被指数在不同季节草甸和草原的生物量估测模型.     

Mapping Ridolfia segetum patches in sunflower crop using remote sensing

Ridolfia segetum is a frequent umbelliferous weed in sunflower crops in the Mediterranean basin. Field and remote sensing research was conducted in 2003 and 2004 over two naturally infested fields to determine the potential of multispectral imagery for discrimination and mapping of R. segetum patches in sunflower crops. The efficiency of the four wavebands blue (B), green (G), red (R) and near‐infrared (NIR), selected vegetation indices and the spectral angle mapper (SAM) classification method were studied using aerial photographs taken in the late vegetative (mid‐May), flowering (mid‐June) and senescence (mid‐July) crop growth stages. Discrimination efficiency of R. segetum patches in sunflower crops is consistently affected by their phenological stages, in this order: flowering > senescence > vegetative. In both fields, R. segetum patches were efficiently discriminated in mid‐June, corresponding to the flowering phase, by using the waveband G, the ratio R/B or SAM with overall accuracies ranging from 85% to 98%. The application of the median‐filtering algorithm to any of the classified images improved the accuracy. Our results suggest that mapping R. segetum weed patches in sunflower to implement site‐specific weed management techniques is feasible with aerial photography when images are taken from 8 to 10 weeks before harvesting.     

干旱半干旱区植被盖度信息提取技术研究

为系统地研究干旱半干旱区植被盖度提取方法,比较了目前常用的几种高光谱影像植被盖度提取技术。结果表明:采用NDVI建立的像元二分模型对植被盖度的估测能力低于直接采用NDVI建立的回归模型;4种处理的PCR模型植被盖度估测的建模精度由高到低为:CR>NO>FD>SD;4种处理的PLSR模型植被盖度估测的建模精度由高到低为:FD>NO>SD>CR;FCLS分解的结果明显优于LS模型;综合分析后,认为基于FD的PLSR模型对研究区植被盖度估测效果最佳。文中研究旨在为干旱半干旱区植被盖度的更深入研究提供参考。     

基于条件植被温度指数的冬小麦主要生育时期干旱监测效果评价——I.因子权重排序法和熵值法组合赋权

选取关中平原冬小麦越冬后2002—2009年每年3—5月共9旬的条件植被温度指数（VTCI）遥感干旱监测结果,将冬小麦越冬后分为四个主要生育时期,分别运用因子权重排序法、熵值法及组合赋权法确定各生育时期干旱对产量的影 响权重,计算关中平原各市冬小麦每年的加权VTCI,并建立加权VTCI与冬小麦单产间的一元线性回归模型。结果表明,关中平原大部分地区的加权VTCI与小麦单产密切相关。其中,熵值法确定的加权VTCI与小麦单产的线性相关性不显著,渭南、咸阳及铜川的决定系数R²值均低于0.5;因子权重排序法和组合赋权法确定的加权VTCI与小麦单产的线性相关性显著,咸阳、宝鸡及西安的R²值接近或高于0.6,渭南接近 0.5,铜川较差。且组合赋权法的结果中宝鸡和西安的R²值接近0.7,优于因子权重排序法和熵值法的结果。     

几种工程措施对黄土区陡峭边坡植被盖度的影响及其机理

陡削以兰州新区的一段陡峭边坡作为试验地点,通过分析在植被重建初期经人工整地后形成的4种微地形(大圆形坑、小圆形坑、条形坑和原状坡面)的植被盖度特征及环境因子(土壤硬度和水分、地表和空气温度、坡位、无纺布)对植被盖度的影响,探寻能有效提高植被盖度的几种工程改造措施。研究表明:①铺设了无纺布坡面的植被盖度显著大于对照坡面;陡峭边坡不同坡位的植被盖度:下坡位>中坡位>上坡位(P<0.05),这与自然坡面植被盖度分布规律一致。②3种微地形的植被盖度均显著大于陡峭坡面,其中条形坑的土壤水分和植被盖度最大,最大盖度维持的时间最长。③微地形和坡面的植被盖度均与土壤水分呈显著正相关,与空气温度、地表温度均呈显著负相关;微地形的土壤硬度(3kg·cm^-2)适宜植物生长,大于该值会对植被生长产生抑制作用;铺设无纺布有利于促进上坡位的植被生长,使坡面植被分布更均匀。研究结果表明,在陡峭边坡坡度、坡位和温度等无法改变的情况下,选择对压实的坡面进行整地翻耕处理,增加长条坑的数量并铺设无纺布等有效的工程改造措施,能显著增加植被盖度,促进植被恢复。     

菌根与植被恢复

菌根不仅可促进植物的营养吸收、生长发育、抗病、抗逆,而且在保持良好的土壤结构、控制水土流失方面具有直接的作用。在我国西北许多地区,菌根菌与植物间的共生关系已被中断,要恢复该地区的植被,治本的方法应是重建植物与菌根菌的共生关系,形成健康的生态系统。文中还提出了菌根技术在植被恢复中的应用策略。     

景观生态学在植被监测中的应用——以塔里木河中游英巴扎地区为例

以塔里木河中游英巴扎地区为例,探讨了景观生态学的多样性指数,优势度指数及均匀度指数在植被监测中的应用。结果显示,景观生态学中的一些指数研究方法在植被监测方面有良好的应用前景。