Fractionation of soil humic acids by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of concentrated urea

To separate soil humic acids (HAs) into their constituents and characterize them, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was carried out in the presence of 7 M urea using a preparative electrophoresis system. Two types of soil HAs were fractionated into nine fractions by PAGE. The dark-colored constituents were recovered from the electrophoretic fractions by precipitation on acidification, and the brown-colored constituents dissolved in the acidic solution of fast-moving fractions were recovered by adsorption onto DAX-8 resin. High-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) confirmed that the constituents of the HAs were separated based on their molecular size by PAGE. The dark-colored constituents exhibited higher degrees of humification than did the corresponding unfractionated HAs, except for the constituents remaining in the electrophoretic gels at the end of electrophoresis. Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy revealed that the chemical properties of the dark-colored constituents changed regularly: the content of carboxyl groups decreased and the proportions of proteinous, aliphatic and polysaccharide moieties increased with increasing molecular size. The humification degrees of the constituents adsorbed onto DAX-8 resin were considerably lower than those of the corresponding unfractionated HAs. The chemical properties of the DAX-8-adsorbed constituents were different from those of the dark-colored constituents. Observation of electrophoretic fractions under blue light (470 nm) and HPSEC with fluorescence detection at an excitation wavelength of 460 nm and an emission wavelength of 520 nm showed that green fluorescent substances were largely concentrated in the smallest molecular size fractions and were partitioned into both the dark-colored precipitates and DAX-8-adsorbed fractions. The proportion of organic carbon recovered by precipitation and adsorption onto DAX-8 resin was 45–63%, indicating that substantial parts of the HA constituents were missing. The unrecovered constituents were considered to be acid-soluble, nearly colorless substances. The dissociation of the acid-soluble constituents from the acid-insoluble dark-colored constituents during the preparative PAGE of soil HAs was ascribed to disruption of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions caused by concentrated urea.     

不同前处理条件对动态光散射检测酪蛋白胶束粒径的影响

为了准确评价乳的稳定性和加工性能,探讨不同前处理条件对动态光散射检测酪蛋白胶束粒径的影响,研究了稀释液的种类(超纯水、钙咪唑缓冲液、模拟牛乳超滤液和牛乳超滤液)、稀释液温(4和25℃)和稀释液的放置时间(0~48 h)对脱脂乳中酪蛋白胶束粒径的动态光散射测试结果的影响,并将酪蛋白胶束粒径的动态光散射测试结果与冷冻透射电镜图像中测得的真实结果进行比较。研究发现以超纯水和钙咪唑缓冲液作为脱脂乳稀释液时,部分胶束发生解离,影响测试结果;采用牛乳超滤液及模拟牛乳超滤液作为稀释液时,胶束的微环境没有改变,反映了胶束的真实粒径及分布;放置24 h后,牛乳超滤液及模拟牛乳超滤液将产生颗粒;温度对测试有显著的影响(P0.05):4℃的样品用25℃的稀释液进行稀释后,动态光散射的计数率和粒径分别增大了16.6%和11.4%;25℃的样品用4℃的稀释液进行稀释后,计数率和粒径分别降低了16.1%和9.8%。结果表明酪蛋白胶束粒径的测试前处理较适宜的条件为:在与样品的温度相同条件下,以配置好后24 h内的模拟牛乳超滤液或牛乳超滤液(10 k Da超滤膜)作为脱脂乳的稀释液进行稀释。通过与冷冻电镜条件下测得的酪蛋白胶束粒径的真值比较,发现该前处理条件下酪蛋白胶束粒径的动态光散射测试结果的相对误差为-5.7%~1.8%,表明该样品前处理方法可用于动态光散射方法快速检测酪蛋白胶束粒径。研究结果为快速、准确地获取酪蛋白胶束的粒径信息,进而准确分析乳的稳定性及加工性能提供参考。     

东柳沟流域表土粒度分布特征及可风蚀性研究

区域表土粒度分布特征可反映该区环境特征,研究风水复合侵蚀区小流域内部表土粒度分布特征,可为探究风水两相侵蚀作用机理提供一定的理论依据。通过野外表土空间采样和室内测定,对地处风水复合侵蚀区的东柳沟流域的表土粒度分布特征及其可风蚀性进行研究,结果表明:东柳沟流域各种土地利用类型的表土粒径主要为细砂粒(50~250μm),体积分数为56.59%~86.65%,属于风沙土。流域不同土地利用类型表土粒度性质存在显著差异,草地、农地、灌木地的平均粒径(Mz)分别为77.60,81.66,87.85μm,颗粒级配较细,而沙地、河道的Mz分别为126.36,151.80μm,颗粒级配较粗;流域表土粒径大部分表现出正偏和窄峰,颗粒分布较集中。从流域上游到中游,表土粒度表现出明显的粗化现象,具体表现为:除河道外,上游各土地利用类型表土的Mz均显著小于中下游(P0.05)。而在流域中游,除草地、河道之外,其他土地利用类型的Mz与沙地之间没有显著性差异。对流域表土的可风蚀性颗粒分析结果表明,自上游到中游的各土地利用类型的易风蚀颗粒含量显著增加,草地、农地、灌木、河道分别增加了44.4%,54.23%,48.84%,33.76%。结论表明,流域中游是表土粒度分布最复杂、风蚀作用最强烈的区域,同时也是风蚀与水蚀叠加作用最为频繁的区域。     

风水复合侵蚀下锡林河流域不同管理方式 草地表土粒度特征

结合锡林河流域风水侵蚀情况,对锡林河流域围封天然草地、放牧草地、封育种植草地表层(0~5 cm)土壤粒度特征及其与风蚀、水蚀关系进行研究,结果表明:封育种植草地较放牧和天然草地在降低土壤风蚀和水蚀方面均起到了较明显的作用;锡林河流域草地表层土壤粒度组成以砂粒为主,其所占比例为75%~82%,放牧草地较天然草地及封育种植草地土壤粒度粗化明显,封育种植草地中蒙古冰草+草木樨草地土壤颗粒分选性较差,其余草地土壤颗粒分选性均为中等;研究区内粒径在160μm左右土壤颗粒为易受侵蚀土壤颗粒;研究区土壤粒度组成特征与风蚀、水蚀均有明显相关性,尤其与近地面20 cm风速和径流产流总量联系最为密切。     

高度对色斑法测量雨滴粒径影响的试验研究

以前的色斑法雨滴率定只考虑色斑直径与雨滴真实粒径的关系，忽略了高度对率定的影响。在大量试验的基础上，通过回归分析，得到了以色斑直径和高度为变量的率定公式。研究表明，水滴下落高度小于5m时需考虑高度的影响；高度大于5m时，高度的影响可以忽略。通过相关性分析，公式的拟合性较好，对以后的色宽法测量雨滴粒径有指导意义。     

神经网络和模糊逻辑在农业机械制造中的应用

农业机械制造技术与一般机械制造技术相比,具有特殊性。如今大多数农机企业的技术跟不上先进机械制造技术的发展,农业机械制造技术比较落后。为此,将动态神经网络和模糊逻辑技术应用在农业机械加工制造中,能够很好地预测和控制工件的尺寸与形状,大大提高了加工精度。为此,以农业机械的轴类零件为例,建立了纵向磨削的Elman动态神经网络尺寸预测模型,采用论域自调整策略和模糊自适应控制理论,建立了纵向磨削的自适应控制模型,选择工作台的进给速度作为控制变量。仿真和实验结果表明,所建立的神经网络尺寸预测模型和模糊自适应控制模型是正确的。     

冲击作用下粘性土壤破碎体的分形维数与影响因

给出冲击破碎分析的两倍尺度控制约定,研究粘结态土壤破碎体生成的影响因素,建立了土壤破碎体分形维数与落锤质量、冲击行程、土壤含水率、破碎比能之间的关系.结果表明,土壤破碎体的分形维数与落锤质量及冲击行程没有联系,但分形维数与土壤含水率及破碎比能具有明显的相关性.另外,通过比较得知土壤在冲击作用下的破碎体分形维数远远低于植被土样的分形维数.     

不同饲养方式对固始鸡生产性能的影响

将固始鸡饲养至4周后,分别笼养和放养至18周,测量其体尺、屠体性能,到42周龄测量蛋品质。结果表明,笼养和放养的活重差异显著(P>0.05),其余屠宰指标差异不显著;蛋品质除了蛋重和蛋壳厚度差异显著(P<0.05)外,其余指标差异均不显著;放养条件下,纤维素酶高于笼养,而对总蛋白水解酶、胰蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶影响不显著。     

Starch Content and Granule Size Distribution in Grains of Wheat in Relation to Post-Anthesis Water Deficits

Post-anthesis soil moisture condition is closely associated with grain yield and quality in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). To investigate the effect of post-anthesis water deficit (WD) on starch content and granule size distribution, pot-experiments were conducted in 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 growing seasons, using five wheat cultivars with different amylose content. The result showed that the grain starch granules had a bimodal curve in the volume and surface area distribution, and a unimodal curve was found in number distribution. Post-anthesis WD reduced the B-granules (<10 μm in diameter) volume % and surface area % in Nuomai50206 and Gaocheng8901, increased the proportion in Weimai10, whereas the effect on those in Jinan17 and Shannong15 was not significant. Post-anthesis WD decreased the number % of <2 μm starch granules, significantly in all cultivars. The amylose content was negatively correlated with the volume of <10 μm and positively correlated to >15 μm starch granules, respectively, suggesting that small starch granules (<10 μm) are low in amylose content, whereas, big starch granules (>15 μm) are high. The results indicate that the grain starch granule size distributions of Jinan17 and Shannong15 with high amylose content were less affected by WD, than those of Nuomai50206 and Gaocheng8901 with low amylose content.     

Conserving indigenous crayfish: stock assessment and habitat requirements in the threatened Austropotamobius italicus

• 1. As part of the Austropotamobius pallipes species complex, the crayfish Austropotamobius italicus is a species of community interest whose preservation requires the designation of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) (Annex II, EU Habitats Directive). This study aimed at (1) assessing the conservation status of this threatened indigenous species by stock assessment in central Italy and (2) identifying some aspects of its elective habitat.
• 2. Surveys were conducted in nine streams harbouring A. italicus (streams WI) and in 10 streams where crayfish populations became extinct at least 5 years before the study (streams WO).
• 3. The results confirmed that A. italicus is a K‐selected species, with a relatively slow growth rate (males: 0.34; females: 0.37) and a long life expectancy (males: 8.2 years; females: 7.8 years). The extant populations are healthy, showing balanced sex‐ratios and well structured age‐class compositions. Mortality is mainly due to fishing, which is illegal in Tuscany.
• 4. Principal Components Analyses showed that the streams WI and WO differ in the abundance of allochthonous plant detritus but not in the taxonomic composition of their macroinvertebrate communities. Age classes were found to be spatially segregated, juveniles mainly using cobbles as substrates and adults seemingly avoiding them.
• 5. The loss of the pristine riverine landscape seems to have been responsible, together with illegal fishing, for the local extinction of the species. As a consequence, retaining, enhancing, and restoring the habitat and its complexity are required for the preservation of A. italicus.
• 6. The designation of SACs might help in this endeavour if accompanied by programmes aimed at publicizing the need for conservation of this species. Unfortunately, crayfish‐focused projects supported by LIFE in Italy since 1992 (4%) and the SACs involved (1.4%) have been relatively few, despite the poor conservation status of this species and its well recognized ecological role.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.