The effect of four anesthetic protocols on splenic size in dogs

Objective To characterize the effects of four anesthetic protocols on the size of the spleen during surgery in dogs. Study design Prospective experimental trial. Animals Twenty‐four beagle dogs, 1.1 ± 0.3 years of age and weighing 10.9 ± 2.7 kg. Methods Dogs were allocated to receive one of four anesthetic protocols: 1 – pre‐medication with acepromazine and butorphanol, induction with thiopental; 2 – pre‐medication with acepromazine and butorphanol, induction with propofol; 3 – pre‐medication with medetomidine and butorphanol, induction with propofol; and 4 – pre‐medication with medetomidine and butorphanol, induction with ketamine and diazepam. Anesthesia was then maintained with halothane. At laparotomy, the spleen length, width, and height were measured, these were measured again just prior to closure of the abdomen. Splenic area and volume were calculated. Hematocrit and total serum protein (TSP) were measured before and after induction and during laparotomy. Results Splenic volume was greatest after protocol 4 (161.2 ± 40.2 cm³; p < 0.05) and was least after protocol 2. The differences in volume were because of differences in length, width, and height between groups. There was no significant change in area, length, or width over the study period. Hematocrit decreased significantly in all dogs but at different times. The decrease occurred after pre‐medication if acepromazine was administered, at induction following protocol 3 and during surgery following protocol 4. Conclusions If splenic volume is to be minimized during surgery, then acepromazine and propofol should be used in the anesthetic protocol. The administration of medetomidine, diazepam, and ketamine will produce a greater splenic volume. Lack of correlation between hematocrit and spleen size following the anesthetic protocols studied suggests sequestration of red blood cells in nonsplenic sites.     

The physiological response to capture and handling stress in the Atlantic sharpnose shark, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae

Secondary effects of capture and handling stress in the Atlantic sharpnose shark, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae, were investigated in this study. Twenty-four sharks were serially bled and changes in several hematological parameters were monitored over a 1-h time period, following capture by hook-and-line. Blood samples were obtained from each shark at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min. All 0-min (initial) blood samples were obtained within 3 min of capture. Blood glucose (9.2–13.1 mmol l^–1), lactate (1.5–28.9 mmol l^–1), and plasma osmolality (871–929 mOsm kg^–1) all increased after capture, whereas blood pH (6.86–6.78) declined. Hematocrit values (initial = 25.1%) remained unchanged throughout the 1-h stress period. Due to the short amount of time it took to obtain the initial sample and the lack of a significant relationship between the initial time and the initial parameter levels, all initial samples are considered the best approximation of the predisturbance resting levels. The use of repeated measures in this study enables us to describe the dynamics of the secondary stress response in the Atlantic sharpnose shark.     

雏鸡感染鸡传染性贫血病病毒分布情况研究

将鸡传染性贫血病毒强毒株C364和弱毒株C545分别接种1日龄鸡传染性贫血病毒抗体阴性的健康雏鸡,于接种后第7天和14天每组抽查3只测定血球压积值,并在接种后第1、3、5、7、10和14天各组分别宰杀3只雏鸡,取胸腺、肝脏和骨髓组织,用竞争性PCR测定其病毒含量.结果表明,雏鸡感染CAV,后表现为血球压积值下降,其中强毒感染鸡较弱毒感染鸡的红细胞压积值下降幅度大;病毒能够在雏鸡胸腺、肝脏和骨髓内繁殖,其中胸腺内病毒增殖最快,病毒滴度最高,肝脏其次,骨髓最低.     

Artifactual effects of hypernatremia and hyponatremia on red cell analytes measured by the Bayer H*1 analyzer

Hypernatremia in two cats and hyponatremia in a dog were associated with artifactual changes in red blood cell (RBC) indices and hematocrit (HCT) determined on a Bayer H*1 hematology analyzer. The RBC cytograms and histograms revealed a population shifted towards macrocytic, hypochromic RBC in the hypernatremic cats, and towards microcytic, hyperchromic RBC in the hyponatremic dog. Reference intervals for the difference between manual packed cell volume (PCV) and analyzer-derived HCT in normonatremic dogs, cats and horses were established. The difference between PCT and HCT was outside the reference values for all three patients. Quality control measures, such as measuring PCV, and reviewing cytograms and histograms are essential for detecting spurious changes in automated hematology measurements caused by abnormalities in serum sodium concentration and osmolality.     

Blood values of juvenile northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) obtained using a portable clinical analyzer

Background — Sick, injured, or orphaned juvenile northern elephant seals ( Mirounga angustisrostris ) treated at rehabilitation centers frequently present with abnormalities in blood sodium, potassium, chloride, BUN, and glucose concentrations, and HCT. These abnormalities could be detected rapidly using a portable blood analyzer, but the results with this analysis method do not necessarily equate with those obtained using other techniques.
Objective — The objective of this study was to better assess the clinical relevance of blood values obtained from a portable analyzer and to compare the results with values obtained using more common methods of analysis.
Methods — Heparinized whole blood samples were collected from 20 rehabilitated juvenile northern elephant seals. A portable clinical analyzer (i-STAT, i-STAT Corp, East Windsor, NJ, USA) was used to establish baseline values. Serum biochemical values were obtained using an automated chemistry analyzer (Olympus AU5200, Olympus America, Melville, NY, USA). HCT was determined using EDTA whole blood and a cell counter.
Results — Using the portable analyzer, mean (minimum-maximum) values were obtained for sodium, 143 (132–146) mmol/L; potassium, 4.4 (3.9–5.8) mmol/L; chloride, 106 (101–109) mmol/L; BUN, 1.8 (1.1–2.4) mmol/L; glucose, 7.55 (5.99–8.49) mmol/L; and HCT, 0.55 (0.52–0.61) L/L. Average differences between methods were small for potassium (-0.45 mmol/L), BUN (0.1 mmol/L), and HCT (0.037 L/L) but were large for sodium (-6.8 mmol/L), chloride (-6.4 mmol/L), and glucose (-0.56 mmol/L).
Conclusions — These results suggest that the i-STAT portable analyzer could be useful for clinically assessing juvenile elephant seals. However, when making medical decisions, the clinician should be aware of differences associated with various analyzers and sample types.     

氨基酸Fe络合物对妊娠母猪Fe营养状况、繁殖性能及新生仔猪Fe营养状况的影响

对24头与杜洛克父本配种,妊娠70d的杂交母猪(长×大)及其所生的24窝仔猪进行试验,研究不同Fe源对妊娠母猪Fe营养状况、繁殖性能及新生仔猪Fe营养状况的影响.试验采用完全随机设计,将杂交母猪随机分为3组,分别饲喂添加80mg·kg-1Fe(源于FeSO4)的玉米—豆粕—小麦麸型饲粮(正对照组)及在正对照组饲粮基础上添加120mg·kg-1Fe(源于氨基酸Fe络合物)的饲粮(有机Fe组)和添加120mg·kg-1Fe(源于FeSO4)的饲粮(无机Fe组).结果表明:(1)有机Fe组母猪在妊娠70、90和105d时血红蛋白含量、血细胞压积、血浆Fe含量与正对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.11),有机Fe组母猪的新生窝产活仔数分别比正对照组和无机Fe组多2.4和2.5头,新生窝重分别比正对照组和无机Fe组重2.3和2.1kg,但差异均不显著(P>0.18);(2)有机Fe组新生仔猪的血红蛋白含量显著高于正对照组(P<0.005)和无机Fe组(P<0.08).表明在妊娠母猪饲粮中添加氨基酸Fe络合物有提高母猪繁殖性能的趋势,并且对改善新生仔猪Fe营养状况的效果明显优于无机Fe组.     

不同日粮对猪血液红细胞压容积及其血流量的影响

通过对试验猪实施颈动脉、门静脉和回肠肠系膜静脉血管插管手术,并结合回肠肠系膜静脉灌注对氨基马尿酸(PAH)技术,探讨了两种日粮对猪红细胞压容积含量以及门静脉血浆流率(PVPF)和血液流率(PVBF)的影响。结果表明,随着血样采集时间的变化,不论是采食前还是食后8h内(每隔1h收集一次血样),两种日粮对猪门静脉或颈动脉血液红细胞压容积含量的变化都没有影响(P>0.05)。采食前,猪门静脉血液红细胞压容积含量为32.25%(日粮A)和32.60%(日粮B),而食后8h内其平均含量为28.69%(日粮A)和29.00%(日粮B);猪颈动脉血液红细胞压容积含量在采食前为31.00%(日粮A)和33.40%(日粮B),在食后8h为28.97%(日粮A)和29.03%(日粮B)。猪门静脉血浆流率和血液流率也不受日粮变化的影响(P>0.05)。采食前,猪门静脉血浆流率为31.34(日粮A)和28.74mL/min·kg-1BW(日粮B),血液流率为47.99(日粮A)和44.30mL/min·kg-1BW(日粮B);而食后8h内门静脉血浆平均流率为21.55(日粮A)和29.22mL/min·kg-1BW(日粮B),血液平均流率则为30.06(日粮A)和41.62mL/min·kg-1BW(日粮B)。     

喹乙醇对鲤耗氧率、红细胞数、红细胞比积及红细胞微核率的影响

用添加不同剂量的喹乙醇（0、50、100、200、400、800、1600、3200mg/kg）饲料对镜鲤Cyprinus carpio L.进行了84d的饲养试验。分别测定了第50d和第70d镜鲤的耗氧率，并在试验结束时分别测定了镜鲤的红细胞数、红细胞比积、红细胞微核率及核异常率。结果表明，与对照组相比，用添加低剂量喹乙醇的饲料饲养的镜鲤其耗氧率较高，用中高剂量喹乙醇的饲料饲养的镜鲤其耗率则下降，耗氧率的高低与喹 醇影响鱼的生长速度的快慢关系密切。随着饲料中喹乙醇含量的增加，镜鲤红细胞数及红细胞比积大体上呈下降趋势，但其核异常率却均有不同程度的增加，镜鲤红细胞微核率受喹乙醇的影响较小。提示喹乙醇在较高剂量下可对镜鲤的呼吸代谢产生较大的影响，但在本试验剂量下，喹乙醇对镜鲤的致突变作用较低，这可能与其对喹乙醇的敏感性较低有关。     

藏鸡胚胎血液学参数及尿囊绒毛膜血管密度分析

通过在不同海拔（西藏：2900m，北京：100m）对藏鸡和小型鸡（对照）胚胎的血液学参数和高原胚胎血管密度的测定，分析其在藏鸡胚胎高原适应性中的作用。结果表明：高原孵化第9天藏鸡胚胎尿囊绒毛膜（CAM）血管密度系数（VDI）比小型鸡胚胎低32．23％（P〈0．05），孵化第12天后两者均无显著差异（P〉0．05），说明高原孵化藏鸡胚胎在CAM毛细血管上并没有表现出比小型鸡更有利于气体交换的特征。藏鸡红细胞压积在高原孵化第12和15天显著高于小型鸡（P〈0．05），而红细胞计数与小型鸡无显著差异，同一时期藏鸡胚胎的纽细胞平均容积（MCV）和红细胞平均血红蛋白（MCH）都比小型鸡胚胎高，而红细胞平均血纽蛋白浓度（MCHC）藏鸡胚胎低于小型鸡胚胎。说明在高原孵化藏鸡胚胎表现出较强的适应性，可能与体积较大、血红蛋白含量较高的原始型红细胞产生较多并且存在时间较长有关。