塔里木河鱼类区系变化及土著鱼类保护问题

塔里木河鱼类区系从６０年代前的１５种增加到８０年代的４１种；区系成份增加河平原复合体，早第三纪复合体，热带平原复合体，北方平原复合体的成份。塔河土著鱼类分布区缩小，数量减少，如新疆大头鱼已到濒危状态。影响塔河鱼类正常生长、增殖的主要因素是水利工程建筑，垦荒毁林，过度捕捞，不合理移植。文章还提出了保护塔河土著鱼类的措施。     

Evolution of High-level,Multiple Anthelmintic Resistance on a Sheep Farm in Malaysia

Anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites of sheep and goats on a government farm in north Malaysia was monitored over a 3-year period (1997–2000). The faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was conducted on young sheep at the beginning and end of this period. Changes in management, designed to reduce the selection pressure for the development of anthelmintic resistance, were also implemented during this time. By far the most important parasite problem was Haemonchus contortus. In 1997, this nematode was found to be resistant to levamisole, with suspected resistance to closantel and moxidectin. However, when the FECRT was repeated 3 years later, its resistance status had become much more severe, with resistance to benzimidazole, levamisole and ivermectin, and suspected resistance to moxidectin. This rapid evolution to multiple anthelmintic resistance is a major concern that needs to be arrested. There is an urgent need to evaluate other control strategies that incorporate livestock management, the `smart' use of drugs and non-chemotherapeutic approaches, such as biological control agents.     

Are hedgerows effective corridors between fragments of woodland habitat? An evidence-based approach

Anthropogenic modification of the countryside has resulted in much of the landscape consisting of fragments of once continuous habitat. Increasing habitat connectivity at the landscape-scale has a vital role to play in the conservation of species restricted to such remnant patches, especially as species may attempt to track zones of habitat that satisfy their niche requirements as the climate changes. Conservation policies and management strategies frequently advocate corridor creation as one approach to restore connectivity and to facilitate species movements through the landscape. Here we examine the utility of hedgerows as corridors between woodland habitat patches using rigorous systematic review methodology. Systematic searching yielded 26 studies which satisfied the review inclusion criteria. The empirical evidence currently available is insufficient to evaluate the effectiveness of hedgerow corridors as a conservation tool to promote the population viability of woodland fauna. However, the studies did provide anecdotal evidence of positive local population effects and indicated that some species use hedgerows as movement conduits. More replicated and controlled field investigations or long-term monitoring are required in order to allow practitioners and policy makers to make better informed decisions about hedgerow corridor creation and preservation. The benefits of such corridors in regard to increasing habitat connectivity remain equivocal, and the role of corridors in mitigating the effects of climate change at the landscape-scale is even less well understood.     

免耕对农田土壤N_2O排放影响及作用机制研究进展

免耕在促进农业可持续发展和有效分馏大气碳的同时还可影响土壤N2O排放,但迄今为止关于免耕对农田土壤N2O排放影响的研究结果却不尽一致,正效应间或负效应都存在。本文综述了免耕条件下土壤理化性状和生物性状的变化及其对N2O排放的影响,并指出实施免耕后土壤反硝化强度变化程度的不同是导致免耕对N2O排放影响效应不同的主要原因,最后提出了一些有待研究的问题。     

九万山国家级自然保护区土壤动物的多样性

为了解九万山国家级自然保护区土壤动物群落的多样性,为该区生态系统的保护和可持续发展提供科学依据,于2014年9月对该区土壤动物群落进行调查分析。结果表明:此次调查共获得土壤动物3 967只,隶属4门11纲22目51科,其中优势类群为棘(虫兆)科、等节(虫兆)科和矛线科,共2 180只,占采集土壤动物总数的54.95%;常见类群为长须甲螨科、菌甲螨科、蚁科、厉螨科、圆(虫兆)科、罗甲螨科、莓螨科、步甲科、疣(虫兆)科和铗(虫八)科10类,共1 291只,占总数的32.54%;其余为稀有群落,共38类496只,占总数的12.5%。保护区土壤动物群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数相对较高,群落均匀度较稳定。     

Mixed-species legume fallows affect faunal abundance and richness and N cycling compared to single species in maize-fallow rotations

Rotation of nitrogen-fixing woody legumes with maize has been widely promoted to reduce the loss of soil organic matter and decline in soil biological fertility in maize cropping systems in Africa. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of maize-fallow rotations with pure stands, two-species legume mixtures and mixed vegetation fallows on the richness and abundance of soil macrofauna and mineral nitrogen (N) dynamics. Pure stands of sesbania (Sesbania sesban), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), tephrosia (Tephrosia vogelii), 1:1 mixtures of sesbania + pigeon pea and sesbania + tephrosia, and a mixed vegetation fallow were compared with a continuously cropped monoculture maize receiving the recommended fertilizer rate, which was used as the control. The legume mixtures did not differ from the respective pure stands in leaf, litter and recycled biomass, soil Ca, Mg and K. Sesbania + pigeon pea mixtures consistently increased richness in soil macrofauna, and abundance of earthworms and millipedes compared with the maize monoculture (control). The nitrate-N, ammonium-N and total mineral N concentration of the till layer soil (upper 20 cm) of pure stands and mixed-species legume plots were comparable with the control plots. Sesbania + pigeon pea mixtures also gave higher maize grain yield compared with the pure stands of legume species and mixed vegetation fallows. It is concluded that maize-legume rotations increase soil macrofaunal richness and abundance compared with continuously cropped maize, and that further research is needed to better understand the interaction effect of macrofauna and mixtures of organic resources from legumes on soil microbial communities and nutrient fluxes in such agro-ecosystems.     

西双版纳热带人工林与次生林土壤动物群落结构时空变化初查

在西双版纳热带雨林地区,对３类人工林和１类次生林土壤动物群落结构的时空变化进行了调查。结果表明;蜱螨目和弹尾目在所查４类林地中为常年优势类群;４类林地中,土壤动物类群数和个体数均呈相同的季节消长规律,干热季（４月）〉雨季（８月）〉干凉季（１月）,各林地优势类群的种群数量在４月呈现剧增;次生林土壤动物群落类群数,个人本数及多样性在全年高于人工林,林地表层土壤动物拓全年明显多于底层。     

Plants as de-worming agents of livestock in the Nordic countries: historical perspective, popular beliefs and prospects for the future.

Preparations derived from plants were the original therapeutic interventions used by man to control diseases (including parasites), both within humans and livestock. Development of herbal products depended upon local botanical flora with the result that different remedies tended to develop in different parts of the world. Nevertheless, in some instances, the same or related plants were used over wide geographic regions, which also was the result of communication and/or the importation of plant material of high repute. Thus, the Nordic countries have an ancient, rich and diverse history of plant derived anthelmintic medications for human and animal use. Although some of the more commonly used herbal de-wormers were derived from imported plants, or their products, many are from endemic plants or those that thrive in the Scandinavian environment. With the advent of the modern chemotherapeutic era, and the discovery, development and marketing of a seemingly unlimited variety of highly efficacious, safe synthetic chemicals with very wide spectra of activities, herbal remedies virtually disappeared from the consciousness--at least in the Western world. This attitude is now rapidly changing. There is a widespread resurgence in natural product medication, driven by major threats posed by multi-resistant pest, or disease, organisms and the diminishing public perceptions that synthetic chemicals are the panacea to health and disease control. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive account of the depth of historical Nordic information available on herbal de-wormers, with emphasis on livestock and to provide some insights on potentially rewarding areas of "re-discovery" and scientific evaluation in this field.     

Relationships between soil properties and feeding activity of soil fauna in acid forest soils

We investigated the relationships between soil chemical properties, humus form, and feeding activity in eight forest sites in Northrhine‐Westphalia, Germany. The study sites varied in forest type (oak, oak‐hornbeam, spruce, and pine). Three study sites were located under the same climatic conditions, and five study sites were distributed all over Northrhine‐Westphalia. We determined humus form, soil chemical properties, and feeding activity in three replication plots per site. We used the bait‐lamina test to determine feeding activity of soil fauna. Independent of forest type, all study sites were very acid with pH(CaCl₂) values in the Ah horizon between 2.8 and 4.0. The three study sites located under the same climatic conditions showed very homogenous soil chemical properties (pH in Ah: 2.9–3.0), whereas the five other sites varied significantly due to their soil chemical parameters (pH in Ah: 2.8–4.0). All single sites presented feeding activities with a very low spatial heterogeneity. Forest types and climatic conditions were not related to activity of soil fauna. Feeding activity and thickness of the O layer were strongly negatively correlated, whereas the activity was strongly positively correlated to soil pH in the five study sites with a wide range of soil chemical parameters. The three extremely acid forest sites presented significant differences in feeding activities that were not related to soil chemical properties.     

永康市鸟类区系研究

永康市共有鸟类１５６种，隶属１６目４０科。繁殖鸟（留鸟和夏候鸟）有１０１种，占鸟类总数的６４．７４％。其中东洋界鸟类占８３．１７％，古北界鸟类占１１．８８％。该区鸟类区系组成与华南区更为相似。文中对鸟类标本进行了测量和描述。