镉铅超标农田养蚕试验分析

湖南耕地镉铅等重金属污染比较严重,研究有效治理耕地重金属污染方式和替代产业调整模式,已成为湖南省农业可持续发展和生态系统安全的关键。该项实验在岳阳市某工矿区选择典型的镉铅超标农田栽桑养蚕,桑树生长发育良好。结果表明,通过镉铅超标农田养蚕的经济性状及效益比较,在工矿区镉铅超标农田以栽植农桑14号品种较好,密度为每667m2栽植1 000~2 000株;并证实了镉铅污染农田栽桑养蚕的可行性,为镉铅等重金属污染耕地安全、经济、高效生态利用和污染区产业结构调整进行了有益的探索。     

国内外有机肥标准对比及风险评价

中国是人口最多的发展中国家,生产生活中产生的有机废弃物数量巨大,堆制有机肥是降低有机废物污染风险的重要方式,而有机肥标准则是防止有机肥成为新的土壤污染源,规范有机肥产业健康发展的重要保障。目前我国有机肥不合格现象时有发生,针对有机堆肥的标准仅有一个8年前的行业标准（NY 525—2012）的现状,本文对比了中国、日本、澳大利亚、欧盟、美国有机肥标准的重要指标,对存在的重金属残留、抗生素污染、病原体污染、营养富集及土壤盐渍化等有机肥质量安全风险问题进行分析,为我国有机肥行业未来绿色、健康、可持续发展提出建议。尽管我国现有有机肥质量标准,在具体指标要求方面优于美国,但和欧盟相比还有差距,比如我国重金属Cu、Zn、Ni限量缺失,对Cd等重金属限值要求不够严格,长期施用会导致土壤重金属含量超过风险筛选值,严重影响农作物安全;同时,由于部分畜禽养殖业不合理使用抗生素,加之有机肥生产企业技术的欠缺,农户施用时缺乏指导,监管部门执法不严等因素,我国有机肥施用过程存在较大风险隐患。因此,进一步完善有机肥标准体系,强化对原料中有毒有害物质的限制,要求选用原料批批检,加大准入和过程的落实力度,才能保障我国有机肥产业有序健康发展。     

土法炼锌的环境危害及废弃矿区环境评价

统计已有的研究数据,分析土法炼锌区环境中重金属的污染状况与环境危害,采用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法,综合评价土法炼锌历史较久的赫章县妈姑镇废弃矿区环境质量状况.结果显示,矿区大气、土壤和食物中重金属元素Pb、Zn、Cd的总含量均超标;土壤污染严重,不适合种植粮食类作物,已收获的食物不能安全食用;河水中Pb、Zn、Cd的浓度符合Ⅲ类水质要求,但底泥和悬浮物中重金属总含量很高,是潜在的污染源,对河水水质和水生生物的生存构成威胁;建议对矿区弃渣和受污染土壤进行治理,采用农家肥、磷肥与碱石灰混合施用的方法可行.     

开阳县茶园土壤重金属元素含量及污染评价

对贵阳市开阳县8个乡镇茶园土壤中铅、镉、铬、铜、汞、砷这6种重金属元素含量进行了检测,以无公害茶叶产地环境条件中土壤环境要求为背景值作为标准对其单项和综合污染指数进行分析评价.结果表明:调查区域内土壤重金属含量差异较大,且部分受到了不同程度的污染.在重金属污染因子中,Hg是主要污染因子,其次是Cd.     

土壤重金属污染的微生物修复研究进展

从利用微生物降低重金属的毒性、微生物展示技术用于土壤重金属污染的治理、生物表面活性剂去除土壤重金属、植物根际宜生菌对重金属的修复等方面对土壤重金属污染微生物修复的研究进行了综述,以期为同类研究提供参考.     

Bioavailability of zinc and lead from a contaminated soil amended with pine bark-goat manure compost

The distribution in soil and plant uptake of zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) as influenced by pine bark-goat manure (PBG) compost additions were investigated from the soils artificially contaminated with Zn or Pb ions using maize (Zea mays L.) as a test crop. Soils were amended with four rates of pine bark-goat manure compost (0, 50, 100, and 200 tons ha^?1) and four rates (0, 300, 600 and 1200 mg kg^?1) of Zn or Pb. Maize was planted and grown for 42 days. At harvest, plants samples were analyzed for Zn and Pb concentration. Soils samples were analyzed for pH, extractable and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extractable Zn and Pb. Extractable Zn and Pb was lower in PBG compost amended soils than in unamended soils and steadily declined with increasing amount of compost applied. The extractable fraction for Zn dropped by 62.2, 65.0 and 44.6% for 300, 600 and 1200 mg Zn kg^?1, respectively when 200 t ha^?1 of PBG compost was applied. Metal uptake by maize plants were directly related to the rate of applied heavy metal ions with greater concentrations of metals ions found where metal ions were added to non-amended soils.     

Impact of grassland contract policy on soil organic carbon losses from alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Carbon storage in the soils on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau plays a very important role in the global carbon budget. In the 1990s, a policy of contracting collective grasslands to smaller units was implemented, resulting in a change from the traditional collective grassland management to two new management patterns: a multi‐household management pattern (MMP: grassland shared by several households without enclosures) and a single‐household management pattern (SMP: grassland enclosed and used by only one household). In 2016, 50 MMP and 54 SMP winter pastures on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau were sampled to assess the differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) between the two management patterns. Results showed that average SOC was significantly greater under MMP than under SMP, with an estimated 0.41 Mg C/ha/yr lost due to SMP following the new grassland contract. Based on the government's grassland policy, four grassland utilization scenarios were developed for both summer and winter pastures. We found that if the grassland were managed under SMP, likely C losses ranged between 0.31 × 10⁷ and 6.15 × 10⁷ Mg C/yr across the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau relative to MMP, which more closely resembles pre‐1990s grassland management. Previous estimates of C losses have only considered land use change (with cover change) and ignored the impacts driven by land management pattern changes (without cover change). The new data suggest that C losses from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau are greater than previously estimated, and therefore that the grassland contract policy should be reviewed and SMP households should be encouraged to reunite into the MMP. These findings have potential implications for land management strategies not only on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau but also other grazing regions globally where such practices may exist.     

重金属污染土壤的植物修复技术研究进展

土壤重金属污染在世界范围内广泛存在且日趋严重,全世界平均每年排放汞约1.5万t、铜约340万t、铅约500万t、锰约1500万t、镍约100万t。中国受汞、铬、镉、铅、镍等重金属污染的耕地面积已达2000多万hm^2,约占总耕地面积的1/5,每年受重金属污染的粮食约1200万t。中国城市土壤也存在重金属污染问题。重金属污染土壤的修复已迫在眉睫。     

覆盖措施对咸水结冰灌溉后土壤水盐动态和棉花生产的影响

对咸水结冰灌溉融冰后不同防止返盐措施处理的土壤水盐动态以及棉花的出苗、生长特征和产量进行了研究。结果表明,不同的覆盖措施对抑制土壤表层水分蒸发的效果有显著差异,3月和4月份表层土壤含水量影响5月份的含盐量,而5月份表层土壤的含盐量直接决定棉花出苗率。地膜覆盖和保留前茬旧膜的处理保墒抑盐效果最好,棉花出苗率和产量也最高;秸秆覆盖也有一定的抑盐效果;而翻耕和中耕对土壤保墒抑盐的作用较差;液态膜处理的抑盐效果最差,棉花的出苗率和产量最低。可见保留前茬旧膜是简便有效的保墒抑盐途径。     

重金属污染河涌底泥的电动-竹炭联合修复

以柠檬酸预处理、竹炭吸附、电极周期性切换作为强化手段,采用电动修复技术,设计了非竹炭吸附区、竹炭吸附区、竹炭吸附区联合电极切换等3个处理,分析了试验过程中电流及电渗流的变化,以及试验完成后土壤pH和电导率的迁移分布,并对每组试验中重金属的去除效率和各截面重金属的迁移分布进行了探讨.结果表明:柠檬酸预处理能降低底泥初始pH,提高底泥电导率,有利于重金属的去除;添加竹炭,有利于重金属从底泥中迁出,显著提高重金属的去除率,本试验条件下,重金属Zn、Ni的平均去除率分别可达80.95%、68.26%;周期性切换电极可以维持底泥中的pH和电导率,防止重金属在两极的富集,提高重金属的迁移效率.