兰成渝成品油管道沿线地质灾害危险度区划

以兰成渝成品油管道沿线地质灾害为研究对象,通过对已有地质资料分析和野外调查,采用因子叠加法对地质灾害发育的基本条件、灾害诱发因素以及灾害现状进行了综合统计分析,并根据分析结果进行了管道区域地质灾害危险度区划和管道沿线地质灾害危险度分段区划。区划结果与管道沿线的实际情况相符。     

Soil loss estimation using rusle model to prioritize erosion control in KELANI river basin in Sri Lanka

Soil erosion contributes negatively to agricultural production, quality of source water for drinking, ecosystem health in land and aquatic environments, and aesthetic value of landscapes. Approaches to understand the spatial variability of erosion severity are important for improving landuse management. This study uses the Kelani river basin in Sri Lanka as the study area to assess erosion severity using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model supported by a GIS system. Erosion severity across the river basin was estimated using RUSLE, a Digital Elevation Model (15 × 15 m), twenty years rainfall data at 14 rain gauge stations across the basin, landuse and land cover, and soil maps and cropping factors. The estimated average annual soil loss in Kelani river basin varied from zero to 103.7 t ha-1 yr⁻¹, with a mean annual soil loss estimated at 10.9 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. About 70% of the river basin area was identified with low to moderate erosion severity (<12 t ha−1 yr⁻¹) indicating that erosion control measures are urgently needed to ensure a sustainable ecosystem in the Kelani river basin, which in turn, is connected with the quality of life of over 5 million people. Use of this severity information developed with RUSLE along with its individual parameters can help to design landuse management practices. This effort can be further refined by analyzing RUSLE results along with Kelani river sub-basins level real time erosion estimations as a monitoring measure for conservation practices.     

香菇中重金属含量风险分析及栽培基质对重金属累积的作用

为探究北京市市场流通中食用香菇重金属含量情况及对人体的健康影响,采集北京市流通领域中107份香菇样品,测定了镉(Cd)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)的含量水平,依据靶标危害系数方法(THQ)评价了香菇通过膳食途径摄入4种重金属的人体健康风险;同时通过栽培基地采样,研究了栽培基质与香菇中重金属含量的相关性。结果显示:采集的香菇样品中重金属Cd、As、Hg、Pb的含量范围分别为ND～0.76、0.01～0.30、ND～0.03、ND～1.79 mg·kg~(-1),Cd和Pb的超标率均为5.6%,而Hg和As未出现超标情况;鲜食与干食香菇的重金属含量没有显著性差异;香菇子实体中Cd、As、Pb含量与基质重金属含量呈现极显著相关,香菇中Cd的富集系数最高,分别是As、Hg、Pb的3.70、5.67、1.63倍;香菇4种重金属的THQ均未超过安全阈值,儿童经香菇途径摄入As的THQ值相对较高,需引起注意。北京市流通领域香菇的主要污染因子是Cd和Pb,栽培基质中的Cd更易被香菇子实体吸收并累积。     

除草剂药后不同间隔时间移栽对稻茬免耕油菜生长发育的影响

为稻茬免耕移栽油菜田科学使用除草剂提供依据,采用41%草甘膦异丙铵盐与200 g/L百草枯水剂对稻茬免耕油菜进行了田间试验,研究了其对稻茬免耕油菜生长发育的影响.结果表明,41%草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂在施药当天、药后1～4 d移栽,油菜苗均出现药害症状,特别是施药当天及药后1～2 d移栽油菜苗药害最重,应间隔5 d后移栽药...     

委托-代理模型在农业保险中的应用及修正

建立了信息对称时的农业保险中的委托一代理模型和信息不对称时的委托-代理模型,在信息对称时,保险人按照一阶最优§件来选择努力水平口’;当信息不对称时,一阶最优条件改变,产出越高,投保人的收入越高。并对模型进行修正,修正后,信息对称时,保险人通过修正后的一阶最优条件来确定投保人的努力水平;信息不对称时,模型的一阶最优条件也相应改变。结果表明,当努力成本函数与投保人（农业生产者）的期望效用相关联时,保险人与投保人能达到双赢：若投保人更加认真管理保险标的,就会降低灾害的发生率,从而减少了保险公司对投保人的理赔,增加了保险公司的收益。     

动物产品药物残留的危害及其控制对策

动物产品药物残留不但影响人身健康,还会导致细菌耐药性增强及危害生态环境,已成为国际社会关注的公共卫生问题。文章概述了兽药残留的危害性,提出加大对兽药、饲料和饲料添加剂生产企业的监管力度,从源头保障动物产品质量安全;加大对非法生产和使用禁用药物、添加剂企业的处罚力度;加强对动物、动物产品药物残留的检测,严禁不合格产品进入市场;加快企业诚信体系建设,增强全社会的食品安全诚信意识;开发新的兽药残留检测方法及技术,并在基层中推广应用;推广绿色畜产品生产技术,扶持绿色畜牧业发展;加大对抗生素替代品的投入和研发力度,以绿色兽药和添加剂替代有较高残留量的抗生素或化学合成药物;加大宣传力度,提高人们的安全意识等对策,以促进我国养殖业的健康发展。     

陕甘宁地区气候变化空间结构

根据陕甘宁地区35年来(1971-2005),39个测站的气象资料,运用线性回归法,聚类分析法,5年滑动平均法等方法,利用地理信息系统ARCGIS软件,分析该地区的气候变化趋势,比较该地区39个县的气候变化空间结构特点以及致灾效应。结果表明:陕甘宁地区暖干化趋势明显;全区有6个增温中心(定边靖边,神木,正宁,西峰,延安和同心)和4个干旱中心(延长宜川,甘泉富县,吴堡,和子长);气候变化导致该地区原本恶化的生态环境更加恶劣,灾害出现的频率增加,持续的时间延长,强度增大,最后导致人们的生活更加的贫困。     

化学农药对蜜蜂的急性毒性测定方法与危害评价

蜜蜂独特的生物学特性决定了它对化学农药的危害十分敏感,因此,精确地测定化学农药对蜜蜂的毒性和评价化学农药对蜜蜂的危害,对保护蜜蜂等非靶标生物和新农药的开发与推广都具有重要作用.在众多测定化学农药对蜜蜂的毒性方法中,急性毒性的测定是最主要的手段,是评价化学农药对蜜蜂危害的基础.从急性经口毒性和急性触杀毒性两方面综述了化学农药对蜜蜂的急性毒性测定方法和危害评价体系.     

中国蔬菜农业邻苯二甲酸酯污染与人体健康累积风险评估

Phthalate esters(PAEs), which can disturb human endocrine system, have been widely detected in vegetable greenhouse agriculture in China. To investigate the effects of environmental factors on PAEs in soils, pollution sources were identified, and the cumulative risks of PAEs to humans through vegetables in the diet were evaluated in this study. Ninety-eight vegetable samples were collected from 10 markets along with 128 vegetable and 111 soil samples from agricultural greenhouses and open field. All soil and vegetable samples were contaminated with PAEs, and the total concentrations of the 5 PAEs, including dimethyl phthalate(DMP), diethyl phthalate(DEP), di-iso-butyl phthalate(DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate(DnBP), and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate(DEHP), were in the ranges of 0.26–2.53 mg kg~(-1) for soils and 0.95–8.09 mg kg~(-1) for vegetables. Three components extracted from principle component analysis could explain 51.2%, 19.8%, and 15.3% of the total variance of the 5 PAEs in soils, which may represent three major sources of PAEs, i.e., wastewater irrigation, application of fertilizers and pesticides, and plastic film. Long-term greenhouse cultivation could accumulate DEHP in soils, and a higher soil Fe Ox content reduced the Dn BP concentration. Based on a survey of vegetables in the diet, the hazard index of PAEs was 0.15 for individuals in different cities. The exposure of PAEs through vegetable intake was higher than the total exposure from other food stuffs, inhalation, and dermal absorption. More attention should be given to controlling PAEs in greenhouse vegetables.     

含Pb、Cd细颗粒物暴露对水稻、马铃薯早期生长的影响

大气含重金属细颗粒物对陆生植物的早期生长有负面影响。通过搭建合理的暴露场景,在植物早期生长阶段,模拟不同程度大气污染条件,评价含Pb、Cd重金属细颗粒物对水稻、马铃薯2种受试植物出苗、幼苗生长和鲜重(陆上茎叶和地下块茎两部分)等生物量的影响。结果显示,暴露处理组人工土壤Cd、Pb元素浓度在试验结束时均有增加,其中Cd元素浓度比背景值增加了约8.8倍,Pb元素浓度增加相比背景值不明显。水稻陆上茎叶部分对Cd、Pb的富集量分别为0.002 0 mg·kg~(-1)和0.054 mg·kg~(~(-1));马铃薯地下块茎部分对Cd、Pb的富集量分别为0.185 0 mg·kg~(-1)和0.074 mg·kg~(-1)。暴露处理后对水稻的各生物量终点抑制效应不明显,而对马铃薯地下块茎鲜重的抑制率达到27%。由此可见,在模拟暴露条件下,人工土壤Cd污染元素浓度变化较大,马铃薯地下块茎对Cd元素富集效应明显。与空白对照组相比,暴露处理导致的Pb-Cd重金属复合污染对于马铃薯地下块茎生物量有显著的抑制效应和胁迫效应。同时,水稻陆上部分对于暴露的污染物及设定浓度表现出较好的适应性和低敏感性。