Assessing soil erosion and control factors by the radiometric technique in the Boussouab catchment,Eastern Rif,Morocco

In the Eastern Rif of N Morocco, soil conservation is seriously threatened by water erosion. Large areas of soil have reached an irreversible state of degradation. In this study, the ¹³⁷Cs technique was used to quantify erosion rates and identify the main factors involved in the erosion process based on a representative catchment of the Eastern Rif. To estimate erosion rates in terms of the main factors affecting soil losses, samples were collected taking into account the lithology, slope and land use along six selected transects within the Boussouab catchment. The transects were representative of the main land uses and physiographic characteristics of that Rif sector. The reference inventory for the area was established at a stable, well preserved, matorral site (value of 4250 Bq m^− 2). All the sampling sites were eroded and ¹³⁷Cs inventories varied widely (between 245 and 3670 Bq m^− 2). The effective soil losses were also highly variable (between 5.1 and 48.8 t ha^− 1 yr^− 1). Soil losses varied with land use. The lowest average values were on matorral and fallow land (10.5 and 15.2 t ha^− 1 yr^− 1, respectively) but much higher with alfa vegetation or cereal crops (31.6 and 27.3, respectively). The highest erosion rate was on a badland transect at the more eroded part of the catchment, with rates exceeding 40 t ha^− 1 yr^− 1 and reaching a maximum of 48.8 t ha^− 1 yr^− 1.The average soil losses increased by more than 100% when the slope increased from 10° (17.7 t ha^− 1 yr^− 1) to 25° (40. 8 t ha^− 1 yr^− 1). Similar results were obtained when comparing erosion rates in soils that were covered by matorral with respect to those under cultivation. Lithology was also a key factor affecting soil loss. Soils on marls were more erodible and the average erosion rates reached 29.36 t ha^− 1 yr^− 1, which was twice as high as soils on the glacis and old fluvial terraces (average rates of 14.98 t ha^− 1 yr^− 1). The radiometric approach was very useful to quantify erosion rates and to examine the pattern of soil movement. The analysis of main erosion factors can help to promote rational soil use and establish conservation strategies in the study area.     

苹果－瓦楞纸板缓冲跌落动力学模型

基于瓦楞纸板受冲击压缩变形的特征,提出-表征其非线性冲击力-变形模型,结合其跌落冲击试验结果表征模型参数.在此基础上,建立"富士"苹果-瓦楞纸板缓冲跌落动力学模型方程,进行不同高度下的苹果缓冲跌落冲击响应的理论分析,并与试验结果进行比较.结果表明,试验结果与理论模型结果吻合性好,所提出苹果-瓦楞纸板缓冲跌落冲击模型能合理地表征苹果缓冲跌落冲击动力学特征,瓦楞纸板能显著降低苹果跌落的冲击加速度.研究结果为果品缓冲包装设计提供了理论基础.     

我国高速公路建设对生态环境的影响初探

交通运输业是我国社会经济发展的基础产业,是推动我国经济发展和社会进步的强大动力。近几年来．我国高速公路蓬勃发展,已成为拉动内需,促进国民经济快速发展的重要因素之一,受到各级政府的高度重视。伴随着高速公路的快速发展．高速公路对生态环境、土地利用、地质水文、水土资源、声音环境、居民生产和生活等问题也日益凸现出来。通过高速公路建设对社会经济、自然、生态环境等影响因素的分析研究,提出相应的保护措施,以期达到可持续发展的目的。     

水利工程建设水土保持环境影响综合评价方法初探

以在建的燕山水库工程为例,在分析工程建设对区域水土保持生态环境影响的基础上,提出了综合评价该水利工程的影响范围、程度等指标的选取原则与方法,初步建立了一个水利工程建设对区域水土保持生态环境影响的综合评价模型,可以进行水利工程建设对区域水土保持生态环境影响的定量化评价该评价方法可以克服以往水土保持生态影响评价中单因素评价带来的不足.     

The ghost crab Ocypode quadrata (Fabricius, 1787) as a potential indicator of anthropic impact along the Rio Grande do Sul coast, Brazil

The aim of this study is to compare the density and vertical distribution of ghost crab Ocypode quadrata burrows at three beaches with different degrees of anthropic impact. In order to achieve this, 12 1 m² quadrants were laid out at random daily on each beach, over a 100 m wide strip stretching from the dunes to the waterline, in order to estimate the density of the burrows. The results showed that the density of O. quadrata burrows was lower at beaches with higher anthropic impact - Tramandaí and Harmonia. Jardim do Éden beach, which suffers little impact, had the highest density of burrows. Vertical distribution of the burrows at Tramandaí beach was restricted by the presence of a strip which cars drive along. The burrows along this beach tended to be distributed over a strip where there are kiosks which offer protection from the traffic. At Jardim do Éden and Harmonia beaches, vertical distribution of the burrows was affected only by the dynamics of the rise and ebb of the waterline, caused by two storm events. The results showed that the density of ghost crab O. quadrata burrows is a tool of quick and easy use in diagnosing anthropic impact in coastal areas.     

太湖地区水稻土中的β-葡糖苷酶活性

The electrical conductivity （EC） of 1：5 soil-water extract （EC1：5） was studied utilizing path coefficient analysis. The study focused on revealing the main chemical factors contributing to EC of soil extracts and their relative importance. Results showed that the most important factors influencing the EC1：5 of coastal salt-affected soils were the concentration of salt in 1：5 soil-water extract （So）, Cl^-, and the sodium adsorption ratio （SAR）, while effects of pH, CO3^2-, HCO3^, soluble sodium percentage （SSP）, and sodium dianion ratio （SDR） were very weak. Though the direct path coefficients between EC1：5 and SO4^2- , Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, K^＋, or Na^＋ were not high, influence of other chemical factors caused the coefficients to increase, making the summation of their direct and indirect path coefficients relatively high. Evidences showed that multiple regression relations between EC1：5 and most of the primary factors （So, Cl^-, and SAR） had sound reliability and very good accuracy.     

隙控式全射流喷头性能特点及与摇臂式喷头的比较研究

研制了一种新型旋转式喷头——隙控式全射流喷头,介绍了其结构形式及工作原理。首次对二种PX10型号的全射流喷头及一种PY210摇臂式喷头的水力性能进行了对比试验及分析。研究表明：隙控式全射流喷头的流量大于试验用PY2摇臂式喷头8％左右,射程比摇臂式喷头的射程明显加大,最大增幅达到31％。全射流喷头水量分布均匀性与摇臂式喷头相当,但末端雨滴直径小于摇臂式喷头。由于其独特的射流元件及反向机构,全射流喷头结构简单,性能优良,价格低廉,具有显著的节能效果及良好的市场前景。     

高速公路项目水土流失影响指数的应用研究

运用水土流失影响指数(SWII)对106个高速公路水土保持方案进行了定量计算和评价,通过专家咨询法对9个指标的权重进行专家意见调查。运用层次分析法,计算得出每个水土流失影响指标的权重。然后采用SPSS主成分分析法,分析不同侵蚀类型区水土流失的主要影响因子。参照水土流失影响指数计算结果,将高速公路类项目按照影响等级分为三类,即水土流失影响指数大于0.387的属于重度影响类;水土流失影响指数在0.258~0.387之间属于中度影响类;水土流失影响指数小于0.258为轻度影响类。针对高速公路项目水土流失影响程度,主要从水土流失防治标准,水土保持工程等级,水土保持措施配置要求和施工工艺要求等方面提出了相应的技术要求。     

厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜事件对山西省北部地区气候的影响

通过对山西省北部50a来气象资料的搜集和整理,研究了厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜(El Nino—SouthernOscillation,ENSO)事件对山西省北部地区气候的影响。结果表明,大同、朔州、忻州地区厄尔尼诺事件发生年降水减少,平均气温降低,与正常年份相比年降水量分别减少了46.86,46.44和80.96mm,年平均气温分别降低了0.03,0.17和0.22℃;拉尼娜年降水减少,平均气温降低,与正常年份相比年降水量分别减少了21.27,26.32和25.30mm,平均气温分别降低了0.03,0.18和0.04℃,厄尔尼诺事件年平均气温变化与黄土高原相反。ENSO暖事件对山西省北部地区气温的影响具有从大同向朔州和忻州依次逐渐增强的特点,表明随着纬度的降低厄尔尼诺事件对气温的影响增强,对降水也有类似的影响。ENSO暖事件年发生旱灾的可能性较大,通常会给山西省北部地区的工农业生产带来不利影响。