都兰县低产草地分布、成因及治理措施

通过对都兰县低产草地调查及成因分析,结果表明全县低产草地面积为99.13×104hm2.其成因主要是水、热和土壤条件不协调人为干扰过度;鼠虫害严重等.综合治理措施是加强围栏保护;实施人工种草和减轻天然草地放牧压力.     

内蒙古典型草原地区常见植物光合、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率的比较研究

在所测78种植物中，光合(Ph)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE)的平均值，分别以反枝苋、藜和西伯利亚滨藜最高。在不同分类系统中，Ph、Tr和WUE个指标，C4植物大于C3植物；双子叶植物通常大于单子叶植物；藜科植物高于其他科植物；1—2年生草本高于其他生活型植物；撂荒地植物一般高于其他植被类型的植物。方差分析表明，光合速率的差异显著性水平在各分类系统中均高于蒸腾速率和水分利用效率。     

放牧强度对草地植物组成及植物生物量的影响

简述了放牧对草地植物组成及植物生物量的影响 ,提出从保护草地植物多样性及获得较高草地生产量的角度出发 ,应使草地承受适当的放牧压力     

Spatial variation in forage nutrient concentrations and the distribution of Serengeti grazing ungulates

Resident grazing ungulates in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, are conspicuously patchy in their distribution among regions of the Park. Linear programming models that maximize nitrogen (N) consumption by foraging ungulates in Serengeti regions having high and low resident animal densities were compared using forage ingestion rate and twelve nutritional requirements as simultaneously imposed constraints on forage choice. Model results indicate that (1) growing season N or crude protein is not limiting in either region although greater N ingestion is possible within the eastern corridor under other nutritional constraints, (2) grazing ungulates in the eastern corridor region occur in greater density and are capable of balancing dietary requirements solely from forage while simultaneously consuming more protein than ungulates in the northeast region, and (3) rarer landscape elements are most capable of providing ungulate dietary requirements in both the northeast and eastern corridor. These results provide a nutritional basis to understand patchy spatial distributions of grazers within Serengeti regions and landscapes, and provide a partial test of the hypothesis that large generalist herbivores should graze rare forages more frequently. The ability of uncommon landscape elements to support ungulate grazing over the growing season is supported by previous ecosystem studies that demonstrate the capability of grass forages for compensatory growth and the ability of grazing to stimulate rapid nutrient recycling.     

农牧交错区不同牧草时期放牧奶牛采食量与食性的研究

用饱和烷烃法对不同牧草时期放牧奶牛的采食量进行了测定.结果表明:放牧奶牛在牧草幼嫩期、旺盛期、枯黄期3期的采食量结果分别为:绝对采食量(kg/d)为11.54±0.66、13.83±0.55、5.75±0.32,采食量在牧草旺盛期时达到最高.采食组成幼嫩期以苔草为主、旺盛期以隐子草为主、枯黄期以赖草为主,这与草场植物的生长和奶牛的喜好有关.     

Effects of Land Use and Wildfires on the Habitat Selection of Great Bustard (Otis tarda l.)—Implications for Species Conservation

Increasing agricultural activities have been shown to affect soil and vegetation changes leading to serious biodiversity declines throughout the world. These effects are amplified in dry grassland areas, where resulting changes in habitat structure affect threatened animals on long temporal scales. Great bustards (Otis tarda) inhabit open landscapes where fire and grazing have been a part of the natural disturbance regime since historical times. Even fire and grazing are hypothesized to be important factors in the lifecycle of the species, studies are still missing on disturbance‐related lekking distribution patterns of great bustards. We analyzed the importance of fires and grazing on the spatial distribution of lekking bustards controlling for habitat types, habitat diversity, distance from roads and social effects. Our standardized dataset spanned 31 years, being one of the largest datasets on bustard lekking. During the 31 years we observed 10 118 individuals at 639 observation points in Hortobágy National Park, East‐Hungary. One of the most important predictors for total number of birds and number of males was the area burnt in previous years. We found that increased habitat diversity had a positive effect on female numbers. Models fit on second‐ and third‐year burn data detected no substantial role of burning on lekking distribution. Our results suggest that introduction of a patch‐burning management system in lekking areas could increase the availability of optimal lek sites for bustards. As an effective management tool, we suggest applying patch‐burning annually in a spatially mosaic structure inside the area occupied by each sub‐population unit. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

退耕和禁牧影响下宁夏原州区畜牧经济的灰色关联分析

分析了原州区退耕和禁牧前后近10 a畜牧业的发展情况和农民收益及牧业收入情况。对比发现,畜牧业收入的增幅高于农民纯收入的增幅,原州区畜牧业在农业总产值中的比重不断上升,在促进农民增收和国民经济增长中的作用不断增强。应用灰色关联度分析的结果进一步表明,饲料、人工、资金、技术投入的增多,以及政策的扶持使该区畜牧经济影响因子的关联度出现了较大变动。     

Habitat use and conservation of bumblebees (Bombus spp.) under different grassland management regimes

Declines in the natural populations of several bumblebee species across Britain and Europe are an increasing cause for concern. In this study the habitat use of bumblebees was investigated on Salisbury Plain Training Area, the largest remaining area of unimproved chalk grassland in north-west Europe. Habitat characteristics influencing the overall abundance, species richness and foraging activity of bumblebees included the diversity and abundance of flowering plant species (particularly of favoured forage plants such as Trifolium pratense), vegetation structure and height. It is suggested that different Bombus species respond to these habitat characteristics depending on their specific foraging and nesting requirements, the case of Bombus humilis being especially relevant. The effects of several grassland management practices were considered in terms of their suitability for the conservation of bumblebee habitats. Cattle grazing was shown to be preferable to both sheep grazing and the absence of any management, although the timing and intensity of such grazing was important. Small-scale disturbances caused by vehicle activity were also of value in producing locally abundant forage resources in less intensively managed grasslands.     

山西省草地资源人口承载量研究

为了在黄河中、上游地区加快实施中央“退耕还林还草恢复生态环境”的决策,正确估算区域人口的承载量是一项基础性的研究工作。以山西省和山西省黄河流域为研究区域,利用相关统计、试验数据,设计不同草地利用率层次和不同肉食消费水平等次,对山西省和山西省黄河流域及其各县市草地资源人口承载量进行了单项和组合型的动态变化研究,为山西省区域退耕还林还草和生态移民工作提供了理论基础。