贵州草业问题与牧草种子产业化技术体系建设

分析了贵州草业生产中存在的问题,阐述了贵州牧草种质资源开发利用现状,指出了加快贵州草业科技工作的重要性和紧迫性,尤其是加快地方优良种质资源开发利用研究,加强牧草新品种选育力度对贵州草业经济持续健康发展的决定性作用,提出了贵州草业发展必须构建“品种选育-良种繁育-种子生产-生产示范推广”的技术服务体系,走地方优良草种产业化道路。     

阴山北麓农牧交错区麦薯带状间作农田土壤抗风蚀能力研究

对麦薯带状间作农田土壤的抗风蚀能力进行了探讨.结果表明,该措施能够减少水分蒸发,增加地表土壤含水率0.22%~2.6%,增大地表空气动力学粗糙度0.03~3.81 cm,降低近地表风速6%~46%,减少土壤风蚀0.5%~84%.在定量研究的基础上,提出了翻耕带有效抗风蚀宽度为5 m.     

青海省同德县草地现状及畜牧业可持续发展策略

在调查同德县草地退化现状的基础上,综合分析了同德县草地退化的原因,指出了同德县畜牧业可持续发展的策略。同德县的草地退化是自然因素和人为因素共同综合作用的结果。人类活动和气候变化是导致同德县草地退化、区域生态环境恶化的两大因素,鼠虫害对它们产生的影响起了促进作用。只有合理利用和保护天然草地,综合治理退化草地,优化畜牧业产业结构,使草地生态系统步入良性循环,才能使同德县的草地畜牧业协调发展。     

Community structure and carbon and nitrogen storage of sagebrush desert under grazing exclusion in Northwest China

Overgrazing is regarded as one of the key factors of vegetation and soil degradation in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China.Grazing exclusion(GE)is one of the most common pathways used to restore degraded grasslands and to improve their ecosystem services.Nevertheless,there are still significant controversies concerning GE’s effects on grassland diversity as well as carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)storage.It remains poorly understood in the arid desert regions,whilst being essential for the sustainable use of grassland resources.To assess the effects of GE on community characteristics and C and N storage of desert plant community in the arid desert regions,we investigated the community structure and plant biomass,as well as C and N storage of plants and soil(0-100 cm depth)in short-term GE(three years)plots and adjacent long-term freely grazing(FG)plots in the areas of sagebrush desert in Northwest China,which are important both for spring-autumn seasonal pasture and for ecological conservation.Our findings indicated that GE was beneficial to the average height,coverage and aboveground biomass(including stems,leaves and inflorescences,and litter)of desert plant community,to the species richness and importance values of subshrubs and perennial herbs,and to the biomass C and N storage of aboveground parts(P<0.05).However,GE was not beneficial to the importance values of annual herbs,root/shoot ratio and total N concentration in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil layers(P<0.05).Additionally,the plant density,belowground biomass,and soil organic C concentration and C storage in the 0-100 cm soil layer could not be significantly changed by short-term GE(three years).The results suggest that,although GE was not beneficial for C sequestration in the sagebrush desert ecosystem,it is an effective strategy for improving productivity,diversity,and C and N storage of plants.As a result,GE can be used to rehabilitate degraded grasslands in the arid desert regions of Northwest China.     

丹江口水源涵养区退耕还草土壤线虫群落变化特征

为评估丹江口水源涵养区退耕还草的土壤生态效应,2017年9月,选取3块同一土壤类型、退耕3年的紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）草地作为退耕还草的代表样地,以相邻未退耕的玉米（Zea Mays）田为对照,比较分析退耕还草土壤线虫群落的变化特征。结果表明：退耕还草样地0~10 cm土层含水量显著提高15.86%（P<0.05）,pH值显著降低5.06%（P<0.05）;10~20 cm土层pH值显著降低4.57%（P<0.05）,有效磷含量显著降低26.83%（P<0.05）。退耕种植紫花苜蓿草地共鉴定出土壤线虫18 307条,49个属,未退耕玉米田共鉴定出土壤线虫10 706条,45个属,退耕还草后土壤线虫c-p类群由短世代型向长世代型转移,土壤环境受到扰动降低,土壤线虫群落的多样性和稳定性增加,结构指数（SI）和富集指数（EI）表明退耕还草提高了土壤健康程度,同时降低了土壤所受的干扰程度。土壤线虫数量与土壤pH值、含水量、全氮和硝态氮含量呈极显著相关（P<0.01）;食细菌线虫和食真菌线虫相对丰度与土壤有效磷含量呈极显著相关（P<0.01）,植物寄生性线虫和捕/杂食线虫相对丰度与有机碳和铵态氮含量呈极显著相关（P<0.01）,与全氮含量呈显著相关（P<0.05）。研究表明,退耕还草改变了土壤pH值及全氮、有效磷养分含量,改变了土壤线虫群落结构和多样性,提升了土壤健康水平。     

Performance,milk fatty acid composition and behaviour of high-yielding Holstein dairy cows given a limited grazing period

The effects of a limited grazing period on the performance, behaviour and milk composition of high-yielding dairy cows were examined. A total of 56 Holstein cows yielding 44.7 ± 0.42 kg/day were allocated to one of four treatments in one of two, 4-week periods. Treatments were as follows: control (C)—cows housed and offered TMR ad libitum; early grazing (EG)—cows grazed for 6 hr after morning milking then housed; delayed grazing (DG)—cows returned to housing for 1 hr after morning milking followed by grazing for 6 hr, then housed; restricted TMR (RT)—cows grazed for 6 hr after morning milking, then housed and fed TMR at 75% of ad libitum. Intake of TMR was highest in cows receiving C, intermediate in EG and DG, and lowest in RT at 26.9, 23.6, 24.7 and 20.3 kg DM/day respectively. Pasture intake was similar in cows receiving EG or DG, but was higher in RT at 2.4, 2.0 and 3.5 kg DM/day respectively. Milk yield was similar between cows receiving C, EG or DG, but lowest in RT at 45.7, 44.2, 44.9 and 41.7 kg/cow, respectively, while milk fat content of C18:3 n-3 was increased by grazing. Cows in C spent more than 55 min/day longer lying and had three additional lying bouts/day, while lying bouts were shorter than for cows receiving EG, RT or DG. It is concluded that high-yielding cows can be grazed for 6 hr/day with little impact on performance, provided TMR is available ad libitum when housed.     

An investigation into the grazing efficiency of perennial ryegrass varieties

The objective of this study was to compare the grazing efficiency of 30 perennial ryegrass varieties, differing in ploidy and heading date. Plots were grazed by lactating dairy cows and managed under a rotational grazing system with 19 grazing events occurring over two years. Pre-grazing and post-grazing compressed sward heights were measured with a rising plate meter. A mixed model was used to predict the post-grazing sward height of each variety based on year, grazing event, block and pre-grazing sward height. Residual grazed height (RGH) was derived as the difference between the actual and predicted post-grazing sward height and was used as the measure of grazing efficiency. Negative RGH values indicated that the actual herbage removed was greater than that predicted and so indicated a superior grazing efficiency. Varieties differed in their level of grazing efficiency (p < .001), with RGH values ranging from −0.38 to +0.34 cm. Tetraploid varieties exhibited significantly greater grazing efficiency performance than diploids (p < .001), with average RGH values of −0.13 and +0.13 cm respectively. A significant difference in grazing efficiency was found among recommended perennial ryegrass varieties that are not being recorded by mechanically harvested simulated grazing protocols. A variety reappraisal that included grazing efficiency could identify varieties capable of improving on-farm livestock productivity from grass.     

Primary productivity in patches of heterogeneous swards after 12 years of low-intensity cattle grazing

In low-intensity grazing systems, patch grazing leads to a mosaic structure of short (frequently defoliated) and tall (rarely defoliated) patches, with the stocking rate determining the proportion of these patch types on the pasture. Little is known about the long-term effects of patch grazing on the productivity of contrasting sward height patches developed under varying stocking rates. On a 12-year low-intensity cattle pasture we investigated aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and its seasonal variation in different patch types (‘short’, ‘medium’ and ‘tall’) under three stocking rates (‘moderate’, ‘lenient’ and ‘very lenient’) over two years. Additionally, we determined stocks of soil phosphorus, potassium and magnesium as well as soil pH. ANPP was affected by an interaction of patch type and stocking rate and ranged from less than 300 g/m² in short patches under very lenient stocking to more than 1,000 g/m² in medium patches under moderate stocking. In contrast with observations at the start of the experiment, ANPP in short patches was similar to or less than that in medium and tall patches. As topsoil phosphorus and potassium stocks were lowest in short patches, this indicates a long-term redistribution of nutrients by grazing animals, which limits short-patch productivity. Productivity of medium patches increased with stocking rate, and soil potassium concentration showed a similar trend, pointing towards enhanced nutrient cycling under more intensive stocking. We conclude that nutrient redistribution may lead to increasing trade-offs between ecological and agronomic aims in long-term low-intensity grazing systems.     

放牧对土壤理化性状及植被多样性的影响

放牧是家畜饲养方式之一,是草地最简单而又有效的利用方式,但放牧中的家畜家禽通过采食牧草、践踏土壤和牧草以及粪便排泄影响着草地植被和土壤,不同的强度的放牧对地下土壤与地上植被的影响不同,本文综述了近几年来放牧对地下部土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾,土壤容重、有机碳以及微生物多样性的影响,对植被多样性及草群成分的影响等,旨在为今后家畜放牧行为研究以及放牧科学研究提供理论依据。     

荒漠草地物种多样性的水分特征研究

通过在伊犁河谷山前倾斜平原荒漠草地开展的不同灌溉量草地恢复试验,对测试的试验地内草地植物物种多样性指数和灌溉水量之间的关系进行了初步的研究。结果显示:在荒漠草地,水分是影响草地植物长势的重要限制因子,随着水分条件的转好,植被盖度和蒿类的分盖度均有显著的提高,草地植物的生物量和群丛高度均显著增加;随着灌溉量的增加,S im pson指数、Shannon-W iener指数、P ie lou指数和M arga lef指数均出现递增的趋势,其中每增加1 kg/d水量,S im pson指数将增加0.021,表明在温性荒漠草原生物多样性指数对水量变化的灵敏度较高。