退牧对酒泉市荒漠化草地的生态效果

自2003年开始,酒泉市3个县的荒漠化草原被列为＂退牧还草＂试点,对禁牧、休牧措施在植被恢复中的实际效果进行了连续的定点观测。结果表明,退牧对恢复草地植被效果明显。退牧后植被的高度、盖度、多度、地上生物量和可食牧草产量等生产性能明显提高。就植物多样性、盖度、高度和产草量的综合效应而言,采取禁牧等措施对植被恢复均存在显著的促进作用。     

不同退化程度高寒草甸主要植物的热值研究

对青海省果洛藏族自治州玛沁县不同退化程度高寒草甸中隶属10科的27种植物地上部分干质量热值进行测定,分析了高寒草甸退化过程中植物热值的变化规律。结果表明,1）高寒草甸常见植物地上部分平均热值为13.99～19.45 kJ·g-1,所测物种热值平均值为17.99 kJ·g-1,高于全球尺度上陆生植物平均热值;2）随着高寒草甸退化程度的增加,由于植物自身的生物学属性特征,不同科属植物热值的响应规律不一,其中禾本科、菊科和龙胆科随着草地退化程度的增加,植物的平均热值均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,在轻度退化水平下达到最高,莎草科植物平均热值则随草地退化程度增加逐渐增加,不同植物种热值对草地退化的响应变化规律不完全一致;3）在群落水平上,随着草地退化程度的增加,群落热值变化趋势为先升高后降低,在轻度退化水平下达到最高,为18.16 kJ·g-1,重度退化水平下最低,为16.29 kJ·g-1,不同退化草地中群落热值的差异是由物种组成的变化产生的。     

Evaluation of finger weeder safety and efficacy for intra-row weed removal in irrigated field crops

Increased demand for pesticide-free food and the development of herbicide-resistant weed populations have created a need for non-chemical weed-control tools. A candidate mechanical tool for controlling weeds in the seeding line (intra-row zone) is the finger weeder. This study thus aimed to evaluate the safety and weed-control efficacy of the finger weeder in various irrigated field crops. Eight field trials were conducted in processing tomato, sweet corn, sunflower, cotton, and beetroot over 2 years. The finger weeder treatments were applied as the sole weed-control method (single or double treatments) and in combination with herbicides. A mini meta-analysis was used to evaluate the overall effect of the finger weeder treatments on crop stand and yield and on weed control efficacy. Weed density in the control not treated with herbicides nor a finger weeder ranged between 2 and 62 weeds m⁻². The finger weeder treatments resulted in a significant reduction in weed density, which ranged between 40% and 90%. The weed density following the double finger weeder treatment was not significantly different from that for the conventional herbicide-based treatment (p = 0.32) and could therefore be considered as an effective environmentally friendly alternative. Furthermore, a single FW treatment integrated with herbicide application gave better weed control than the conventional herbicide treatment (p = 0.04). This treatment was safe for the crops with no significant stand (p = 0.19) or yield (p = 0.29) reductions compared to commercial treatment. The results of this study demonstrate the promise of the finger weeder as an effective tool within integrated weed management systems for conventional agro-systems. The tool offers a rational weed-control solution for sustainable systems under irrigation.     

农艺措施和除草剂用量对化感稻产量及杂草生物量的影响

为实现水稻生产减施除草剂的目标,将化感材料与农艺措施相结合取得对稻田杂草有效控制的效果,田间采用再裂区试验法研究了化感稻3号和N两优201两个水稻化感材料和非化感材料五山丝苗在不同水分管理、移栽密度和除草剂不同用量下,对水稻产量和田间杂草生物量的影响。结果表明:无论早季稻田还是晚季稻田,施用常规除草剂量的小区杂草生物量均为0,施用常规剂量50%除草剂且仅在孕穗期晒田的小区和常规密度小区有少量杂草发生。不施除草剂的水稻材料小区杂草生物量依次为化感稻3号N两优201五山丝苗。移栽后75 d,不施除草剂的小区相同水稻材料孕穗期不晒田比晒田处理、高密度比常规密度处理的杂草生物量小。早季稻田不晒田和高密度提高了水稻的产量,晚季稻田则相反。化感材料化感稻3号和N两优201在田间的抑草效果较五山丝苗要好。在水稻生产中,水稻化感材料结合农艺措施,可以实现水稻不减产,田间杂草得到有效控制,除草剂量减50%的目标。     

鸡马立克氏病CVI988/Rispens疫苗免疫效力试验

本试验用北京市农林科学院畜牧兽医研究所制备的ＣＶＩ９８８／Ｒｉｓｐｅｎｓ疫苗和进口的ＣＶＩ９８８／Ｒｉｓｐｅｎｓ疫苗免疫１日龄来航鸡,７日龄以ＭＤＶ北京－１株血毒进行攻击,６０日龄全群剖检。经免疫效力试验两次测定,３批北京所制备的ＣＶＩ９８Ｒｉｓｐｅｎｓ疫苗产品保护指数分别为试验的９０．０、９０．０、９３．３和试验（２）的１００．０、１００．０、９４．５与进口商品ＣＶＩ／９８８Ｒｉｓｐｅｎｓ苗的保     

雏鹅死亡原因及防治措施

鹅是草食水禽类动物,具有独特的生物学特征和生理特征。雏鹅是指21日龄内的小鹅,该阶段鹅绒毛稀少,身体较小,体温调节能力不足,消化机能不健全,对外界环境的适应能力和抗病能力普遍较弱,一旦饲养管理不当,没有进行妥善的疫苗免疫接种,易造成病原的传播流行,引发死亡。在雏鹅阶段,应充分掌握引发死亡的具体原因,并从养殖管理等诸多环节入手,为雏鹅营造健康舒适的生长环境,提高群体的身体抵抗能力,降低发病率和死亡率,确保养殖安全。该文主要结合一个鹅场的养殖案例,论述引起雏鹅死亡的原因,并提出相应的防治措施。     

三江源区高寒草地不同生境土壤可培养纤维素分解真菌群落结构特征研究

为了解三江源区不同生境土壤可培养纤维素分解真菌的群落结构特征,在黄河流域、长江流域、澜沧江流域共选取有代表性的12个样点,采集土层0~15cm,15~30cm的土壤样品,采用稀释平板法在羧甲基纤维素钠平板培养基上进行可培养真菌的计数和分离,利用种群优势度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度、生态位宽度以及群落相似度等指标对不同生境土壤中可培养纤维素分解真菌群落结构特征进行了分析。结果表明,三江源区不同生境土壤可培养纤维素分解真菌的数量和类群差异明显,数量由大到小的顺序为:灌丛草地嵩草草地藏嵩草草地禾草草地;在4种生境土壤中共分离获得土壤可培养纤维素分解真菌17属,禾草草地土壤中群落的优势度指数、物种多样性指数、均匀度指数最高,除均匀度指数外,藏嵩草草地土壤中群落的优势度指数、物种多样性指数最低;物种生态位结果分析表明,毛霉属、镰孢菌属、被孢霉属、青霉属具有较宽的生态位,属于广适性物种;而亚隔孢壳属、梭孢壳属、腐质霉属等的生态位很窄,属于狭适性物种,只存在于某个生境中。禾草草地与藏嵩草草地土壤可培养纤维素分解真菌群落的相似性最低,灌丛草地和嵩草草地相似性最高。土壤纤维素分解真菌的群落结构及多样性与生境类型的特异性有着密切的关系。     

车用油料的使用与质量管理

车用油料包括汽油，柴油，润滑油，齿轮油和润滑脂等种类，详细介绍了各种车用油料的应用特点及适用性，强调指出，加大车用油料的收，发及使用过程的管理力度，可确保车用油料的质量，提高车辆的运行效能。     

Induced plant defences in biological control of arthropod pests: a double‐edged sword

Biological control is an important ecosystem service delivered by natural enemies. Together with breeding for plant defence, it constitutes one of the most promising alternatives to pesticides for controlling herbivores in sustainable crop production. Especially induced plant defences may be promising targets in plant breeding for resistance against arthropod pests. Because they are activated upon herbivore damage, costs are only incurred when defence is needed. Moreover, they can be more specific than constitutive defences. Nevertheless, inducible defence traits that are harming plant pest organisms may interfere with biological control agents, such as predators and parasitoids. Despite the vast fundamental knowledge on plant defence mechanisms and their effects on natural enemies, our understanding of the feasibility of combining biological control with induced plant defence in practice is relatively poor. In this review, we focus on arthropod pest control and present the most important features of biological control with natural enemies and of induced plant defence. Furthermore, we show potential synergies and conflicts among them and, finally, identify gaps and list opportunities for their combined use in crop protection. We suggest that breeders should focus on inducible resistance traits that are compatible with the natural enemies of arthropod pests, specifically traits that help communities of natural enemies to build up. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.