季节性放牧对草地植物多样性与功能群特征的影响

针对放牧对高寒草地生态系统的影响,通过比较暖季放牧(6月-10月)和冷季放牧(11月-翌年5月)下典型高寒草地物种多样性和功能群特征的变化,分析了高寒草地植物群落对季节性放牧的响应机制。结果表明,暖季放牧草地中物种多样性指数为1.92,均匀度指数为0.78,明显高于冷季放牧草地的1.81和0.74,而冷季放牧草地的丰富度指数为17.45,高于暖季放牧草地的16.45。冷季放牧草地的地上生物量为246.61 g·m~(-2),莎草类和豆科类功能群的生物量比例分别为66.85%和15.86%,其值均高于暖季放牧草地。暖季放牧草地植物总密度为2 064株·m~(-2),明显高于冷季放牧草地的1 394株·m~(-2)。合理的放牧强度下,暖季放牧相比冷季放牧有利于草地群落物种多样性和均匀度的维持,但冷季放牧草地有利于草地群落地上生物量的积累。     

江河源区不同建植期人工草地土壤养分及微生物量磷和磷酸酶活性研究

研究了"黑土滩"退化草地上建植的2,4和6龄垂穗披碱草人工草地土壤养分、微生物量磷、中性磷酸酶活性变化以及它们之间的相互关系。结果表明,随建植期的增加,土壤pH值呈现先降低后升高的趋势,人工4龄草地土壤pH值最低,人工6龄草地最高。从时间尺度看,人工2龄草地土壤养分含量、土壤微生物量磷含量和土壤中性磷酸酶活性较"黑土滩"退化草地明显升高,随着建植期的增加,人工4龄草地各测定指标明显下降,而人工6龄草地各测定指标再次升高。4种草地土壤养分含量、微生物量磷含量和中性磷酸酶活性在土壤剖面中均呈现随土壤深度的增加而递减的趋势。相关分析结果表明,土壤微生物量磷与有机碳、全氮、速效氮和速效钾含量之间呈极显著正相关关系,与全磷含量间呈显著正相关关系;土壤中性磷酸酶活性与大多数土壤养分呈显著或极显著正相关关系,其中与土壤有机碳的相关系数最大;土壤微生物量磷与中性磷酸酶活性呈极显著正相关关系。     

大气氮沉降及其对草地生物多样性的影响

随着人类活动的加强,大气氮素沉降在逐渐增加, 已对海洋和陆地生态系统产生了明显的影响.为此总结了大气干湿沉降中氮的组成和数量变化等特点,并在此基础上,分析评述了大气氮沉降对草地生态系统中植物、动物和微生物群落发展的影响,提出了今后研究的方向.     

大房郢水库浮游生物群落结构变化与环境因子关系研究

为了更好地了解合肥市饮用水源地水生态环境状况,于2020年夏季、秋季、冬季及2021年春季对大房郢水库的水质、浮游植物和浮游动物进行监测,对比浮游生物群落现存量与历史变化,并使用冗余分析（RDA）以及蒙特卡洛置换检验探究环境因子对浮游生物群落的影响。结果表明,研究区域浮游植物以蓝藻门为主要优势种属,密度及生物量较2005年分别增加37.7%和7.0%,浮游动物以桡足类为主要优势种,密度较2005年大幅度下降了77.5%,生物量多样性增加了47.8%,影响浮游生物群落结构的主要环境因子为NH3-N、T（温度）、pH和TN。此外,研究也揭示了季节变化对水库浮游生物的物种组成影响小,但对浮游生物的丰度及多样性影响显著。     

Reconciliation or exclusion? Integrating indigenous and non-indigenous land management concepts for Australia’s Native Title era

Indigenous and non-indigenous concepts of land ownership and use are fundamental elements in Australian debate on the implications of Native Title for development. However these approaches are not necessarily incompatible but can be reconciled. Drawing on evidence from the central Australian rangelands, this paper argues that the adaptations of land use practised by indigenous people, who have converted their land tenure from pastoral leasehold to Aboriginal freehold land, suggest that such reconciliation is possible and practical. Provision of appropriate support tools, such as participatory extension for improved land management, or community land management planning, strengthen the integration of indigenous and non-indigenous land management approaches. Successful integration will be essential for the management of Australia’s rangelands under Native Title.     

苏南地区加拿大一枝黄花繁殖地的植物群落

应用群落生态学方法探讨加拿大一枝黄花对南京和苏州地区植物的影响风险。测定结果显示:加拿大一枝黄花生长地区植物物种丰富度(S)、总数量(N)、均匀度(J)、群落多样性(H)、综合优势比(SDR)均低于没有一枝黄花生长地区;加拿大一枝黄花生长地区的植物群落稳定性比没有加拿大一枝黄花生长地区差,表明加拿大一枝黄花存在较大的生态风险性。     

Earthworm communities in native savannas and man-made pastures of the Eastern Plains of Colombia

 The structure and seasonal changes of earthworm communities were evaluated in a natural savanna and in a improved grass-legume pasture in a Colombian oxisol over a period of 18 months. One plot of 90×90 m was isolated in each of the systems and each month five samples of 1 m²×0.5 m and ten of 20×20×20 cm were randomly selected from a stratified block design. Species richness was similar in the two evaluated plots (seven species), whereas diversity measured by the index, H (Shannon and Weaver 1949) was clearly different, i.e. H=2.89 in natural savanna and H=1.29 in pasture. This is explained by differences in earthworm community structure. The average annual density in the savanna was 49.8, ranging from 10.8 to 135.8 individuals (ind) m^–2, and biomass was 3.3 g m^–2 (hand-sorting method), ranging from 0.9 to 11.5 g m^–2. In the man-made pasture, density was 80.1 ind m^–2 on average, ranging from 24 to 215.8 ind m^–2 and biomass was more than tenfold higher, ranging from 29.2 to 110.4 g m^–2. This was especially due to the presence of a large glossoscolecid anecic species, Martiodrilus carimaguensis Jiménez and Moreno, which has been greatly favoured by conversion of savanna to pasture. Endogeic species were dominant in the natural savanna whereas the anecic species accounted for 88% of total earthworm biomass in the pasture. Total earthworm density and biomass were significantly different in the two systems studied (t-test). The results indicate a clearly positive response of earthworm communities to improved pastures, a type of land use that is being increasingly adopted in moist neotropical savannas. Received: 20 October 1997     

川西北地区裂叶沙参与泡沙参所在群落种间联结性对照研究

为了探讨裂叶沙参和泡沙参所在群落特征及其种间关系,应用方差比率法,并通过２×２列联表进行χ２检验的方法,分别在川西北地区对濒危种裂叶沙参和广布种泡沙参所在群落中２３和２６个常见植物种分别进行了总体相关性和各种对间的联结性检验,同时利用Ｊａｃｃａｒｄ指数测定了各种间的关联度。结果表明,裂叶沙参与泡沙参所处群落中各种群间在总体上无显著性联结。在裂叶沙参所在群落中２３个种群间,仅２％的种对间Ｊａｃｃａｒｄ指数大于０５;在泡沙参所在群落中２６个种群间,仅３％的种对间Ｊａｃｃａｒｄ指数大于０５。裂叶沙参和泡沙参所处群落中种间关系的不稳定性是由于人类活动对植被的破坏及环境旱化所导致。泡沙参在严酷的环境条件下种群呈扩展趋势,而裂叶沙参在相同或较好的环境条件下种群呈衰退趋势,说明裂叶沙参在其内在的生物学、生态学习性方面存在着导致种群衰退的机制     

甘肃文县珙桐群落的区系组成结构特征

甘肃文县让水河流域的珙桐群落,是目前该种群自然分布的最北残遗。通过群落学特征分析研究表明：①该区域珙桐群落的植物约有种子植物１６９种,分属于６６科,１２３属;②地理成分复杂多样,温带分布型属约占７０．７％,并在群落各层的区系组成中均占居优势;③在群落中起重要作用的植物富有单型属和少型属,并多为白垩纪及第３纪植物区系的后裔或残遗;④该群落以单叶、中型叶及高位芽植物为基本外貌特征,隶属于北亚热带常绿、落叶阔叶混交林;⑤群落的成层现象明显,以乔木层和草木层较为发达,一般可分为２～３个亚层;⑥由于本区环境因子对该种群生态适应的临界性及自身繁殖和基因交流的障碍机制,珙桐后备种群缺乏,天然更新能力较差,群落的稳定性十分脆弱。     

外伶仃海洋牧场附近海域游泳生物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

为了解外伶仃海洋牧场附近海域游泳生物群落结构特征,于2020年春季和秋季对该海域开展了资源环境综合调查,分析了游泳生物种类组成、优势种、渔获率和群落结构特征,并构建游泳生物群落结构数据矩阵,分析游泳生物群落结构与环境因子的关系。研究共采集到游泳生物73种,隶属于12目30科49属,其中鱼类最多,共有47种,虾类10种,蟹类9种,头足类4种,虾蛄类3种。相对重要性指数（Index of relative importance, IRI）分析显示,渔获物中IRI>1 000的优势种有4种,分别为银鲳（Pampus argenteus）、赤鼻棱鳀（Thrissa kammalensis）、火枪乌贼（Loligo beka）和鹿斑鲾（Leiognathus ruconius）,其中银鲳和赤鼻棱鳀是两季调查共同优势种。游泳生物Margalef物种丰富度指数（D）、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H’）和Pielou均匀度指数（J’）均呈现春季高于秋季的结果,单因素方差分析（ANOVA）显示多样性指数（H’）和均匀度指数（J’）在不同季节存在显著性差异,物种丰富度指数（D）季节差异不...