黑痣菌属的研究

本文研究黑痣菌属的特征,描述种的划分。在调查林木病害过程中,发现一个新种,命名为Phyllachora aquifotia Huang ＆G.sp.nov.增加该属的一个新的分类单位。     

生草栽培对杧果园土壤生境和果实品质的影响

为了探讨杧果园生草对果园土壤理化性质和果实品质的影响,筛选出适宜草种。本试验以桂热芒82号为试材,清耕为对照,全园种植紫花苕子、矮扁豆、自然生草、白花三叶草,研究不同生草种类对杧果园土壤理化性质以及果实品质的影响。结果表明：白花三叶草和自然生草处理,可以自然越冬,次年无需再播,矮扁豆和紫花苕子次年需要再播。当年刈割一次回填可以改良土壤理化性质。除白花三叶草外,果园生草可以提高土壤有机质含量,最高的是紫花苕子,达14.33 g/kg;所有生草处理刈割回填后可以提高30cm深度的土壤阳离子交换量;生草会降低土壤碱解氮含量,降低最多的为白花三叶草;白花三叶草可以显著提高有效钾含量和有效磷含量最高;交换性钙含量和交换性镁含量以自然生草的最高。生草栽培能提高土壤微生物总量,但与对照比,差异不明显。种植白花三叶草的土壤过氧化氢酶活性最高,土壤脲酶活性和土壤磷酸酶活性与土壤氮素、磷素含量有关,白花三叶草和矮扁豆降低了土壤蔗糖酶活性。生草栽培可提高芒果可溶性固形物、维生素C含量及糖酸比,整体影响以种植紫花苕子表现较佳。因此,杧果园生草可以优先选择紫花苕子,有灌溉条件的也可选择白花三叶草,但前期都需要及时补充土壤养分。     

Effects of nitrogen application rate on productivity,nutritive value and winter tolerance of timothy and meadow fescue cultivars

Finnish N fertilizer application regulations for forage grasses are based on field experiments mainly conducted in the 1960–1970s with cultivars and management practices typical of the time. In order to update the yield response function of N, to make it better suited to current grassland farming, field experiments were conducted at two sites in 2015–2017 with two cultivars of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and one of meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.). Dry matter (DM) yield, nutritive value and N balance were evaluated, with N application levels 0, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 and 450 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The grasses were harvested three times per season. The data indicate that the DM yield response was significantly stronger, and N was used more efficiently for DM production than earlier without compromising the nutritive value, especially during the first two years. The third harvest produced on average 23% of the annual yield, utilizing N efficiently. N application rates below 350 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ did not cause substantial overwintering losses or lodging. The data indicate that with changing climate and improved cultivars and management practices, there is a need to modify the rates and timing of N application. The results suggest that N application levels could be increased by at least 50 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ from the current maximum accepted rate (250 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) without too high NO₃^- or CP concentrations in feed, or too high N balance that indicates increasing risk of N leaching.     

Biomass production of trees and grasses in a silvopasture system on marginal lands of Doon Valley of north-west India. 1. Performance of tree species

Bouldery riverbed lands occupy about one-third of the geographical area in Doon Valley of north-west India. These marginal lands need rehabilitation through establishment of silvopasture system for meeting the biomass requirements of resource-poor farmers. A study was carried out for 14 years (1980 to 1993) at Dehradun, involving four multi-purpose tree species viz. Albizia lebbek (L.) Benth., Grewia optiva Drumm., Bauhinia purpurea L. and Leucaena leucocephala (Lamk.) de Wit.; and two grass species viz. Chrysopogon fulvus (Spreng.) Chiov. and Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) C.E. Hubb. Fifty and 75% of the tree crown was lopped once a year after four years of age. Tree survival decreased with age, and was highest with L. leucocephala (86.9% in 1993 of initial density of 625 trees ha⁻¹) and lowest with B. purpurea (49.3%). Canopy parameters of trees progressed differently, presumably due to their varying growth habits. The trees of A. lebbek were taller with more crown spread, whereas G. optiva had more crown height with lesser crown spread. Stem diameter growth of A. lebbek was highest followed by B. purpurea. Lopping intensity did not affect tree survival and also canopy growth in most years, but collar diameter and diameter at breast height (dbh) decreased significantly at the higher intensity of lopping. Intercropped grass species E. binata caused a greater adverse effect on the tree survival and growth parameters than C. fulvus. The biomass production (leaf and branch wood weight of lopped material) was highest at eight years of age in 1987 but showed no definite trend over the study period. Bauhinia purpurea produced the highest biomass and L. leucocephala the lowest, despite opposite trends in their survival. The performance of A. lebbek was on par with B. purpurea in the later years (1990--1993), but G. optiva was inferior despite its superiority in the early years (1984--1985). The effects of lopping intensity were not appreciable, but intercropping with E. binata decreased leaf and branch wood production significantly compared with C. fulvus throughout. However, the adverse effect was comparatively less pronounced on B. purpurea and A. lebbek than on G. optiva and L. leucocephala. The fibre yield of G. optiva also decreased due to intercropped E. binata compared with C. fulvus. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

草坪在改善城镇环境中的地位和作用

本文指出了当前城镇环境恶化的严重性，防治环境污染和气候荒漠化的重要性及紧迫性。详细阐明了草坪在绿化、美化、净化城镇环境和调节城镇气候中的地位和作用     

以草本植物为原料的稀酸预处理及发酵研究

研究了杂交狼尾草和沙打旺2种草本植物在3种不同预处理方法及双酶糖化条件下葡萄糖和乙醇得率,评价其能源性差别.切短为对照组,处理组分别为粉碎,粉碎+1.5%硫酸,1.5%硫酸.测定处理前后纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的含量并分析SEM纤维结构图,采用SSF发酵工艺.结果表明,纤维素的含量分升高了1.29%～7.32%,半纤维素和木质素的含量分别降低了4.10%～11.98%、1.56%～3.00%.SEM纤维结构图网状纹理变得清晰.在pH4.8缓冲液体系发酵过程中,葡萄糖浓度缓慢增加,而乙醇浓度呈先增加后降低趋势,发酵后72 h出现峰值.加入果胶酶试验组的乙醇浓度值与对照组比高出0.18%～0.63%(P≤0.05).除粉碎+1.5%硫酸处理外,其它预处理方法提高了杂交狼尾革和沙打旺的纤维素、半纤维素酶解率和发酵转化率,且1.5%硫酸处理组的效果最好,杂交狼尾草的能源性好于沙打旺.     

能源草新品系桂能草1号特征特性及高产栽培技术研究

能源草新品系桂能草1号是广西农业科学院经济作物研究所从国外引进的杂交狼尾草资源中经过多年选育出的能源专用型新品系.该品系和传统的牧草相比,生物产量和纤维素含量高;一年两收,一茬生育期约为150 d,适应性广,生长快,再生性强,抗逆性强;品比试验表明,其年干物质产量平均达到77.93 t/hm2,生物产量生产潜力巨大;经广西分析测试中心分析测定,干物率为36.3％,纤维素含量为57.0％,半纤维素含量为7.44％,热值高高达18.49 MJ/kg,灰分2.84％.桂能草1号新品系在南方大部分地区种植良好,由于既可以转化为乙醇,又可以制成固体燃料代替煤,所以有望成为我国南方优良的能源型纤维类草本作物.主要分析新品系桂能草1号的生物学特征,总结其高产栽培技术,为该品系发展生物质能源提供技术支持.     

10种禾本科牧草种子萌发期耐盐性

【目的】研究10种多年生禾本科牧草(蒙古冰草-宁夏、蒙古冰草-内蒙、沙生冰草、扁穗冰草、细茎冰草、老芒麦、披碱草、新麦草、长穗偃麦草和格林针茅)的耐盐能力,分析不同盐浓度对其种子萌发的影响规律,为宁夏干旱半干旱区选择耐盐力高的种植材料提供参考。【方法】 以10种牧草种质资源为材料,测定不同浓度NaCl溶液[0(CK)、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%、1.2%和1.4%]模拟盐胁迫对其相对发芽率(RGR)、相对发芽势(RGP)、相对发芽指数(RGI)、相对胚芽长(RGL)、相对胚根长(RRL)和相对活力指数(RVI)6个指标的影响,采用隶属函数综合评定的方法进行耐盐性评价。【结果】 8个盐胁迫浓度对10种多年生禾本科牧草种子相对发芽率、相对发芽势、相对发芽指数、相对胚芽长、相对胚根长和相对活力指数的影响,均表现为随着盐胁迫强度的增强,呈现降低趋势;低浓度(0.2%)盐胁迫下,种质材料沙生冰草和细茎冰草种子相对发芽率和相对发芽势均有提高,分别为对照的100.76%、106.10%和106.72%、160.87%,对种质材料J发芽率有促进作用,相对发芽率为对照的120.00%,但对其发芽势无影响;种质材料细茎冰草、新麦草和披碱草种子胚芽长较对照有提高,分别为对照的124.76%、122.26%和112.76%;种质材料E、I和J种子活力指数有提高,分别为对照的131.62%、104.73%和118.27%;8个浓度梯度的NaCl盐溶液对10种多年生禾本科牧草种子萌发胚根长均有抑制作用。【结论】 10种多年生禾本科牧草耐盐性强弱排序为D(扁穗冰草)＞J(长穗偃麦草)＞G(老芒麦)＞A(蒙古冰草-宁夏)＞H(格林针茅)＞C(沙生冰草)＞E(细茎冰草)＞F(新麦草)＞B(蒙古冰草-内蒙)＞I(披碱草)。     

Forage Yield and Sucrose Response of Rhodes and Ruzi Grass to Cutting Height and Cutting Frequency Under Irrigation

The development of irrigated pastures in the Sudan is still at its infancy. The present study determined the influence of 2 cutting heights (2.5 and 5.0 cm) and 4 cutting frequencies (4-, 6-, 8-, and 10-week) on forage yield as dry matter and forage sucrose of Rhodes grass ( Chloris gayana Kunth. cv. Massaba ) and Ruzi grass ( Brachiaria ruziziensis Germain et Everard cv. Congo Signal ) under irrigated conditions. Forage yield interactions involving species X cutting height X cutting frequency were significant. These yield interactions were attributed to differences in growth period and growth rhythm of the two species. On average, Rhodes exhibited a short growth period (13 months) compared to Ruzi grass (20 months). Forage yield and forage sucrose were, on average, superior in Ruzi compared to Rhodes grass. Forage yield and forage sucrose averaged 5.2 t ha⁻¹ and 7.2 % fw sucrose in Ruzi compared to 2.8 t ha⁻¹ and 6.9 % fw sucrose in Rhodes grass. Forage yield and forage sucrose of both species were negatively correlated with cutting frequency. The highest forage yield may be obtained at an 8-week cutting frequency in Rhodes (45.6 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) compared to a 10-week cutting frequency in Ruzi grass (88 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Results suggest that very high forage yields as dry matter and forage sucrose of Rhodes and Ruzi grass may be possible under irrigated conditions in the Sudan at a cutting frequency of between 8 to 10 weeks.     

豆科牧草纳入耕作制的生态经济效益研究

在四川大足县生态农业试验区,通过对豆科牧草与粮作轮作、粮粮轮作和果园间种豆科牧草的生态经济效益研究,结果表明将豆科牧草纳入耕作制是旱地利用的新途径。