白三叶与不同禾草混播群落17年稳定性经较研究

在适度放牧条件下开展了白三叶与多年生黑麦草、紫羊茅、草地早熟禾和无芒雀麦的两两豆禾混播群落的种间相容性、群落生产力和稳定性的研究。17年的研究结果表明,白三叶 紫羊茅组合的年均干物质产量502g/m2,显著高于其他组合(P<0.05),但前期以白三叶 多年生黑麦草最高(P<0.05)。在时间序列混播比例的变化上,白三叶逐渐增加,然后维持在一定的范围;多年生黑麦草第1年最高,后逐渐下降;紫羊茅和草地早熟禾变化不大,而无芒雀麦减少最快,并最终消失;白三叶 紫羊茅组合的比例动态变化最小,组分稳定,而且群落抵抗力最强,年均杂草侵入量仅为2.4 g/m2,极显著地低于其他处理(P<0.01)。参试禾本科牧草与白三叶的种间相容性为紫羊茅>多年生黑麦草≥草地早熟禾>无芒雀麦。种间相容性是混播群落长期稳定性的重要决定因素。时间梯度上的群落生产力变化趋势,白三叶 紫羊茅和白三叶 草地早熟禾呈平稳略升,而白三叶 多年生黑麦草和白三叶 无芒雀麦呈前高后低模式。对混播群落稳定性的判断存在时间尺度和空间尺度。     

禾草内生真菌研究进展

内生真菌分为麦角菌类内生真菌和非麦角菌类内生真菌。麦角菌类内生真菌常和禾草形成共生,改变植物组织的生长发育,产生具有生物保护活性的生物碱,遏制昆虫和哺乳动物的取食,同时,能够增强宿主植物的生态生理学方面的作用和对非生物胁迫的抗性。笔者就有关禾草类内生真菌的生长和传播、产生的生物碱、抵抗生物胁迫和非生物胁迫的功能及其应用...     

草类对重金属胁迫的生理生化响应机制

随着我国工业化进程不断加快,作为工业化基本生产资料的重金属不断被释放到生物圈中,并通过食物链传递给动物或人,给人类健康带来严重危害。草类分布广泛,有一定的抵抗能力,一些草类甚至还具有重金属超富集能力,在生物修复中发挥重要作用。本文就重金属胁迫对草类种子萌发、根系活力和生物量方面的影响以及草类的抗性机制(脯氨酸、抗氧化酶系统、谷胱甘肽、隔离、菌根和水杨酸)等研究现状进行论述,并阐明草类对重金属镉、锌、铜、铬、铅和汞的富集效应及其耐性机制,以期为今后草类耐重金属胁迫品种的选育和耐重金属胁迫分子机制的研究,提供现实依据和理论基础。     

Grass species composition,yield and quality under and outside tree crowns in a semi‐arid rangeland in south‐western Zimbabwe

Abstract

A two‐year study was conducted in lightly grazed areas of Matopos Research Station, Zimbabwe, to evaluate the impact of widely spaced trees on understorey grass composition, yield and quality. The study trees were Terminalia sericea and Acacia karroo. Ordination techniques using grass density and biomass as indices separated quadrats according to soil type but not grass species according to understorey or open areas or according to tree species. Grass yield under tree crowns was similar to open areas, in contrast with most reports where understorey areas had higher yields. The high understorey grass quality that has been reported from savanna areas exhibiting grass composition differences was not expressed. Selective grazing of palatable perennial grasses growing in association with tree crowns and their eventual replacement by low‐yielding and less‐palatable grasses that normally grow in open areas is proposed as an explanation of the unique tree‐grass interaction scenario of this study. In areas where this replacement has occurred, recovery may require management interventions.     

Diversity of non‐structural carbohydrates in grasses (Poaceae) from Brazil

Non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) are the primary energy available for growth and dry‐mass production in forage grasses. They are also associated with tolerance to environmental stresses, including drought. Soluble carbohydrates, especially fructans of temperate forage grasses, have been extensively studied; however, little is known about NSC of tropical grasses. These plants are abundant in the Cerrado, a savanna‐like vegetation with a definite seasonality in rainfall distribution. Such an environment presents an ideal condition for the occurrence of fructans. However, the present analysis of carbohydrates in aerial parts of twenty‐four tropical grass species, mainly from the Panicoideae subfamily in the Cerrado, shows a distinctively different NSC profile when compared with temperate grasses. Free glucose and starch are common NSC found in most plant organs. However, free fructose and sucrose‐based oligosaccharides were only found in very low amounts. Sucrose was detected in higher amounts only in stems. A linear series of malto‐oligosaccharides was found in leaf blades, sheaths and stems of most of the Cerrado grasses, except for those from the Andropogoneae tribe. These results indicate a diversity of regulatory pathways of NSC metabolism in tropical forage grasses from the Cerrado.     

Regrowth Rates of Timothy and Meadow Fescue as Related to the Content of Remaining Water-soluble Carbohydrates and Non-elongated Tillers

The relationship between regrowth rates and the content of water-soluble carbohydrates in stubble (WSC) and percentage of non-elongated tillers (PNT) was studied in timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) cut at different phenological stages. Single plants were grown in pots and cut outdoors and then regrown under controlled climatic conditions. The data for the dry matter production during the following 3 weeks were fitted to an expolinear growth equation to determine an initial maximum relative regrowth rate (R _m) and a daily maximum regrowth rate (C _m). C _m appeared to be positively correlated to PNT in both species, whereas R _m was increased with increasing WSC. For regrowth after later cuts of meadow fescue there was a positive contribution to R _m by PNT.     

能源草生态风险评价体系的构建

为构建一套专门用来评估能源草生态风险等级的体系,本研究通过文献法与专家咨询法确立分布特征、扩散特征、繁殖特征、遗传特征、适应特征、危害特征和被控制特征7个方面共计33个与能源草生态风险评价相关的指标。然后通过yaahp10.1软件利用层次分析法对各指标进行权重赋值,进而构建相应的生态风险评价体系。最后选取10种已知生态风险等级的高大禾草对该体系进行检验,并依据检验结果对评价体系的生态风险等级层次进行划分。结果表明所构建的体系可以有效地辨别出不同物种的生态风险等级,并将风险等级层次划分为高危生态风险(系统评分74.5),一定生态风险(系统评分在54.5～74.5)和基本无生态风险(系统评分54.5)。     

基于VR技术的旋耕埋草机功率检测研究

为了提高旋耕埋草机的功率检测准确性和效率,实现旋耕埋草机的结构优化,将VR虚拟现实技术引入到了埋草机的功率测算过程中,并采用Lab VIEW软件设计了功率检测虚拟平台,从而实现了旋耕埋草机的功率数据采集、处理和仿真模拟。为了验证方案的可行性,以一台简单的旋耕埋草机为例,在农田里展开了试验。首先,对其作业性能进行了测试,在保证其能正常作业的情况下采用虚拟仪器对功率进行了测算,并将其和实际功率仪器上的采集功率进行了对比。结果表明:采用虚拟仪器得到的功率和实际功率相吻合。由此验证了方案的可行性,为旋耕埋草机的优化设计提供了数据支持,为农机智能检测仪器和嵌入式系统的开发提供了较有价值的参考。     

高原地区多年生与一年生禾本科牧草混播效果

在高原地区退耕还草示范种植中,利用牧区广泛种植的一年生禾本科牧草燕麦Avena sativa与进口的多年生禾本科牧草细茎冰草Efymus trachycaulum混播。结果表明：燕麦和细茎冰草混播既能克服单一种植多年生禾本科牧草时的杂草危害问题,也能使退耕当年就获得较好的经济效益,解决了种植当年的收成问题,使项目建设的效益及早得到体现。第1年燕麦开花期鲜草产量为2.49 kg/m2, 细茎冰草第2年能够良好生长,第2年细茎冰草开花期鲜草产量为1.48 kg/m2,生长后期鲜草产量为1.76 kg/m2。