Responsible Research and Innovation Framework,the Nagoya Protocol and Other European Blue Biotechnology Strategies and Regulations: Gaps Analysis and Recommendations for Increased Knowledge in the Marine Biotechnology Community

As the quest for marine-derived compounds with pharmacological and biotechnological potential upsurges, the importance of following regulations and applying Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) also increases. This article aims at: (1) presenting an overview of regulations and policies at the international and EU level, while demonstrating a variability in their implementation; (2) highlighting the importance of RRI in biodiscovery; and (3) identifying gaps and providing recommendations on how to improve the market acceptability and compliance of novel Blue Biotechnology compounds. This article is the result of the work of the Working Group 4 “Legal aspects, IPR and Ethics” of the COST Action CA18238 Ocean4Biotech, a network of more than 130 Marine Biotechnology scientists and practitioners from 37 countries. Three qualitative surveys (“Understanding of the Responsible Research and Innovation concept”, “Application of the Nagoya Protocol in Your Research”, and “Brief Survey about the experiences regarding the Nagoya Protocol”) indicate awareness and application gaps of RRI, the Nagoya Protocol, and the current status of EU policies relating to Blue Biotechnology. The article categorises the identified gaps into five main categories (awareness, understanding, education, implementation, and enforcement of the Nagoya Protocol) and provides recommendations for mitigating them at the European, national, and organisational level.     

草鱼免疫相关细胞的超微结构的研究

以草鱼血液为样品作超微结构的观察。与哺乳动物相比较,草鱼血液中除红细胞、血栓细胞外,还有免疫相关细胞,包括淋巴细胞、单细胞、酸性白细胞、中性白细胞及巨噬细胞,但没有观察到碱性粒细胞。另发现草鱼淋巴细胞表面有较多突起,巨噬细胞形状不定。     

大豆干物质积累、分配与收获指数研究

对不同熟期类型大豆种质收获指数进行比较分析,结果表明：在同一熟期种质之间,收获指数可以作为评价丰产性的指标之一,但不同熟期类型间没有可比性。     

履带式林间草带收割机设计与试验

林下种草是近年来人工林普遍采用的林下经济模式.针对林草种植模式中因林木间距小、植被茂盛、地表不平、视野受限而带来的牧草收获困难等问题,设计了一款履带式林间草带收割机,该机主要特点是幅宽小、转弯灵活,适合林间牧草收获作业和硬杂草、稀疏灌木的切割作业.根据实地调研提出基于林间作业环境的割草机设计要求,通过对割草机行走系统、...     

对我国再生水设施生产率的探讨与思考

我国再生水利用量逐年增加,在北方缺水城市再生水已成为景观生态和工业冷却用水的主要水源.以再生水开发利用为切入点,分析近年来我国再生水设施生产能力和生产率变化趋势,从政策制度、规划配置、水源水量、终端用户、管网建设、成本水价、社会经济、水资源赋存条件等方面分析再生水产能过剩的原因.通过比较分析,认为造成产能过剩的原因:①缺少专项规划,盲目投资建设,造成有厂无网,有网无用户,有用户无水源的产能过剩;②缺乏优惠政策,市场培育不足,潜在用户没有挖掘,加之核心设备靠进口,增大建设成本,成本水价倒挂,影响生产率的提高;③各地经济发展水平各异,投入力度不同,产能差距较大,北京再生水设施、设备生产率达到80％以上,接近国际发达国家水平,宁夏不足20％,4/5的产能闲置.故认为现阶段开发利用再生水应以政策引导、培育市场为主,发挥再生水作为供水水源的市场作用,通过规划、标准、监管等技术或管理手段,规范市场行为,保证再生水供水安全,提高再生水利用率,解决资源配置和产能过剩的问题,使再生水利用科学、有序、健康、安全.     

吉尔吉斯斯坦水资源及其利用研究

吉尔吉斯斯坦是中亚水资源最丰富的国家之一,多条大型跨境河流均发源于境内.但由于吉尔吉斯斯坦山地面积占优势的国土地貌特点,其淡水资源大多以开发难度较大的高山冰川、湖水和深层地下水的形式存在,河川径流占全部水资源量的比重较低.在水资源的空间分布方面,河川径流量的大小与海拔呈正相关;湖泊主要分布在高海拔的山地;冰川的分布主要...     

Segregation of non‐target‐site resistance to herbicides in multiple‐resistant Alopecurus myosuroides plants

Non‐target‐site resistance (NTSR) comprises a set of mechanisms conferring resistance to multiple modes of action. Investigation of the number of loci involved in NTSR will aid in the understanding of these resistance mechanisms. Therefore, six different multiple herbicide‐resistant Alopecurus myosuroides plants with different herbicide history were crossed in two generations with a susceptible wild type. Seeds from the backcrossing generation were studied for their segregation rate for resistance to five herbicides with four different modes of action (HRAC groups C₂, A, B and K₃). Taking into account that NTSR is a set of quantitative traits, the numbers of loci controlling NTSR were estimated using a normal mixture model fitted by the NLMIXED procedure of SAS. Each herbicide was controlled by a different number of loci comparing the six plants. In most of the cases, chlorotoluron resistance was controlled by one locus, whereas resistance to fenoxaprop‐P‐ethyl needed one or two loci. Resistance to pinoxaden was in all plants conferred by two loci. Cross‐resistance of fenoxaprop‐P‐ethyl and pinoxaden was found in all backcrossings, indicating that at least one of the two loci is responsible for both resistances. Resistance to mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron was conferred by a minimum of two loci. Results indicated that a minimum of five different loci can be involved in a multiple NTSR plant. Furthermore, the plant‐specific accumulation of NTSR loci was demonstrated. Such behaviour should be taken into account when evaluating the development and further spread of herbicide resistance.     

Competitive ability of ALS‐inhibitor herbicide‐resistant Fimbristylis miliacea

Fimbristylis miliacea, a weed in rice, has evolved resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors. This study aimed to investigate the competitive abilities of ALS‐resistant (R) and ALS‐susceptible (S) F. miliacea with rice. A replacement series experiment was conducted in the glasshouse at the Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil. The proportions of rice to F. miliacea were 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100, with 1060 plants m^?2. The experimental units were arranged in a completely randomised design with four replications. A follow‐up study was conducted at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA, in a split‐plot design with four replications. The main plot was species mixture (rice × R, rice × S, R × S). The subplot was competition partitioning (below‐ and above‐ground, below‐ground only, above‐ground only and no interspecific competition). Leaf area, plant height and shoot dry mass were recorded. Rice was more competitive than the R or S F. miliacea. In equal proportions of rice and F. miliacea, regardless of ecotype, the relative leaf area, height and dry mass of rice were greater than that of F. miliacea. The ALS‐resistant ecotype was less competitive with rice than the S ecotype. Intraspecific competition among rice plants was stronger than rice competition with F. miliacea. Competition for below‐ground resources was the most critical aspect of interference among rice and F. miliacea. In production fields, high infestation levels of F. miliacea results in significant yield losses; thus, resistance to ALS inhibitors needs to be curtailed.     

云水资源的生态和环境功探讨及其应用

为探讨云水资源优化配置的理论依据,文章以二元水循环规律为理论基础,通过对空中水、地表水、土壤水和地下水四水转化的关系和着陆后云水资源存在形式的分析,提出生态和环境功的概念并给出云水资源生态和环境功的计算模型,来描述云水资源的生态环境利用效率。以研究区为例进行应用研究,在雨季末期人工降水20mm时,用此模型计算了研究区三个子区域生态和环境功。应用得到两点主要结论:1)云水资源生态和环境功以地表径流水量生态和环境功为主。2)受水区得到云水资源转化的土壤水和地下水水量受到其初始土壤含水率和初始地下水位限制。应用结果表明云水资源生态和环境功模型函数可以作为云水资源优化配置的理论依据。     

小麦抗旱性研究进展与展望

利用优异基因资源改良小麦抗旱性是应对干旱和保障粮食安全的重要途径。结合国内外小麦抗旱性研究的最新进展和本研究组的研究实践,概述了现行主要抗旱性鉴定方法的适用对象和评价指标,以及小麦抗旱种质创新、抗旱基因资源发掘与利用等方面的研究成果,同时提出未来小麦抗旱性研究的重点任务和发展方向,即建立基于高通量表型鉴定的抗旱性综合评价技术体系,建立基于高通量基因型鉴定的抗旱基因资源发掘平台,创建基于综合运用多学科技能的智慧育种策略,以期为加快小麦抗旱性遗传改良提供信息资源和理论参考。