Soil boron status: impact of lime and fertilizers in an Indian long-term field experiment on a Typic Paleustalf

In Indian agriculture, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers are predominantly used by the farmers, often ignoring secondary and micronutrients. Significance of boron (B) in nutrient management studies has been increasingly underlined under intensive cropping systems particularly in acid soils. In order to understand the distribution of soil native B in different fractions and their contribution to plant B uptake as influenced by nutrient management, soil samples collected after wheat (2009–2010) from a long-term experiment (LTE) continuing since 1972–1973 on Typic Paleustalf of Ranchi were subjected to sequential fractionation of soil B. Treatments included N alone, NP, NPK, 150% of recommended NPK, NPK + farmyard manure (FYM), NPK + lime, and an unfertilized-control. Five soil B fractions were determined along with hot CaCl₂-extractable (available) B. Averaged across the treatments, the soil had low organic carbon (C), pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC), and high free sesquioxides. Total B content was 21.7 mg kg^?1. Among different B fractions, residual B was the major contributor to total B and other fractions collectively shared 7% of total B only. Application of N alone depleted readily soluble, specifically adsorbed and organically bound B bringing the contents even below unfertilized-control. Conjoint use of lime or FYM with NPK increased significantly these fractions, whereas a decrease in oxide bound B was noticed under these treatments. Available B was positively correlated with these fractions indicating their significance in controlling B availability in the soil. The study revealed that use of lime or FYM helped modifying the distribution of soil B in different fractions by way of changing soil pH and organic C content, resulting in enrichment of plant available pool. A drastically low available B content in different treatments receiving fertilizers alone, however, suggested the necessity of B fertilization at prescribed rates for maintaining soil B fertility as also high crop yields.     

不同滴灌施肥模式对棉花产量及养分吸收的影响

通过等养分和等成本施肥田间试验,研究不同滴灌施肥模式对棉花产量及养分吸收的影响。试验设4种滴灌施肥模式,分别为常规基施(CK)、常规追施(DCK)、普通滴灌专用肥(F1)和高磷钾滴灌专用肥(F2)。结果表明,在等养分施用条件下,高磷钾滴灌专用肥和普通滴灌专用肥处理的棉花干物质重、养分吸收量和产量均显著高于常规基施处理,但普通滴灌专用肥和常规追施处理差异不大;常规基施处理的氮肥和磷肥的利用率最低,普通滴灌专用肥和常规追施处理的氮肥和磷肥利用率差异不显著,高磷钾滴灌专用肥可显著提高磷肥利用率。在等成本施用条件下,常规追施处理的棉花干物质重、养分吸收量和产量最高,而高磷钾滴灌专用肥、普通滴灌专用肥和常规基施处理无显著差异。因此,滴灌专用肥尤其是高磷钾滴灌专用肥具有较好的应用效果,但是如何降低肥料成本是滴灌专用肥技术面临的重要问题。     

Modelling of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn uptake, by winter wheat and forage maize, from a sewage disposal farm

Abstract. A predictive model of metal concentrations in crops was developed to optimize soil liming and sludge application strategies at a dedicated sewage sludge disposal site. Predictions of metal concentrations in plant tissue were derived from measured values of soil metal concentration, humus content and soil pH. The plant and soil data used to parameterize the model were collected on site using quadrat sampling of mature crop and underlying topsoil. The uptake model was used to map predicted metal concentrations in wheat grain and forage maize based upon a database of soil characteristics (metal content, % humus and pH) measured as part of a routine geochemical survey of the site. The effect of a management strategy to modify uptake of Cd by wheat by changing soil pH was investigated. The effect of soil dust adhering to maize plants at harvest was also simulated to investigate the importance of this pathway for Cd transfer to animal feed such as silage.
The model gave satisfactory predictions for uptake of Cd and Zn but less useful simulations for Pb, Cu and Ni. The results for Cd uptake showed a greater dependence on soil pH in the case of wheat in comparison to maize. It is suggested that, for the study site, liming to pH 7.0 will reduce Cd concentrations in wheat grain to within EC legal standards. However the Cd content of maize may still exceed these guidelines, with a relatively minor contribution from contamination with soil dust.     

饲料中三种不同碳水化合物对大黄鱼生长性能和肝脏糖代谢关键酶活性的影响

为研究饲料中添加3种不同的碳水化合物对大黄鱼生长性能、饲料利用以及糖代谢关键酶活性的影响,进行为期8周的生长实验和持续24 h的饥饿实验。以葡萄糖、小麦淀粉和糊精这3种碳水化合物作为糖源,设计3组等氮等脂(48%粗蛋白和12%粗脂肪)的饲料。选用初始体质量为(8.51±0.02)g的大黄鱼450尾,随机分为3组(每组3个重复,每个重复50尾)。养殖实验结束后进行饥饿实验,分别在饥饿实验开始后的0、1、3、5、7、9、11和24 h取样。结果显示,小麦淀粉组和糊精组大黄鱼的增重率和特定生长率显著高于葡萄糖组,且这2个饲料组的饲料系数显著低于葡萄糖组。糊精组大黄鱼的肝体比显著高于其余2组大黄鱼的肝体比。饲料中添加3种不同碳水化合物对大黄鱼成活率、脏体比和肥满度无显著性影响。葡萄糖组和小麦淀粉组大黄鱼血糖含量在饥饿1 h后都开始显著上升,葡萄糖组高血糖水平持续至少10 h;小麦淀粉组3 h显著下降至初始水平左右,未达到高血糖水平;糊精组大黄鱼血糖含量随着时间的推移持续升高,在11 h达到最大值,高血糖水平持续4 h。饲料中添加3种不同碳水化合物对大黄鱼血清胰岛素和肝糖原含量有显著性影响。小麦淀粉对大黄鱼肝脏葡萄糖激酶(GK)活性的升高有诱导作用。大黄鱼摄食3种不同碳水化合物饲料后鱼体血糖水平升高,但糖异生关键酶如葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(G6Pase)、果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶(FBPase)和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)的活性并不降低。饲料中添加葡萄糖和小麦淀粉对大黄鱼肝脏丙酮酸激酶(PK)活性有显著性影响。研究表明,大黄鱼利用结构复杂的多糖(如小麦淀粉和糊精)的能力要高于单糖(如葡萄糖),3种不同碳水化合物对大黄鱼血糖调节及糖酵解和糖异生途径关键酶活性的影响存在差异。     

施锌对不同品种小麦锌吸收分配的影响

为明确土壤施锌对不同品种小麦的生长发育以及养分吸收的影响，选用河南省广泛种植的10个冬小麦品种，采用盆栽试验，设置0 mg·kg^-1（Zn0）、10 mg·kg^-1（Zn10）、20 mg·kg^-1（Zn20）、30 mg·kg^-1（Zn30）4个施锌水平，研究不同施锌量对冬小麦生长发育和锌吸收利用的影响。结果表明：在北方石灰性潮土增施锌肥能够显著提高小麦籽粒锌含量，但产量构成要素、干质量及锌效率等对施锌的响应因品种而异。施锌显著增加了供试小麦整株锌含量和累积量，且在Zn20水平下增幅最大，较Zn0处理分别提高了41.4%~85.1%和19.9%~110.1%。"郑麦379""百农207""郑麦0856""周麦22"的籽粒锌含量随锌浓度增加而增加，在Zn30达到最高，较Zn0提高了43.5%、65.1%、68.2%、55.8%；"郑麦366"和"周麦27"的籽粒锌含量在锌肥10~30 mg·kg^-1时无显著差异，较Zn0处理增加了40.6%~62.3%；而其他品种小麦的籽粒锌含量在Zn20处理最高，较Zn0处理增加55.7%~92.2%。施锌后不同小麦各部位的锌累积量分配比例有明显差异，籽粒、颖壳、茎秆、根部的锌累积量占比范围分别为17.4%~49.9%、6.3%~16.0%、21.5%~46.1%、12.9%~28.7%。研究表明，"郑麦379"和"矮抗58"可作为锌高效品种；土施锌肥10~20 mg·kg^-1可以有效提高籽粒锌含量，改善小麦锌营养品质。     

种植密度对冬小麦氮素吸收利用和分配的影响

为了探讨实现冬小麦籽粒产量与氮素利用效率协同提高的途径,为制定高产、高效栽培管理措施提供理论依据,在大田条件下,以大穗型小麦品种"泰农18"和中穗型小麦品种"山农15"为试验材料,根据品种特性分别设置4个种植密度("泰农18":135万苗.hm 2、270万苗.hm 2、405万苗.hm 2和540万苗.hm 2;"山农15":172.5万苗.hm 2、345万苗.hm 2、517.5万苗.hm 2和690万苗.hm 2),研究了种植密度对籽粒产量、氮素吸收积累和运转分配、氮素利用效率以及土壤中硝态氮、铵态氮和无机态氮总积累量的影响。研究结果表明,随种植密度增加,两种穗型冬小麦品种成熟期植株氮素积累量、籽粒产量、氮肥吸收利用效率和氮肥偏生产力均表现为先增加后降低,籽粒氮积累量、氮素收获指数和籽粒氮含量下降,花前营养器官氮素转运量和对籽粒氮的贡献率升高。随种植密度的增加,"泰农18"的氮素利用效率随密度的增大先增大后减小,"山农15"随密度的增大而减小。土壤中硝态氮、铵态氮和无机态氮总积累量随密度增加而降低。在本试验条件下,"泰农18"和"山农15"兼顾高产和高效利用氮素的适宜种植密度分别为270万苗.hm 2和345万苗.hm 2。     

旱地土壤氮素、有机质状况及与作物吸氮量的关系

在具有典型半干旱气候特征的陕西永寿选取6种不同肥力水平的田块,分层采集0～100cm土样,测定各土层可矿化氮、全氮及有机质含量,研究其与作物吸氮量之间的关系,结果表明,各土层可矿化氮、全氮及有机质之间存在着良好的相关性,可矿化氮与作物吸氮量之间的相关程度高于与全氮、有机质间的相关性,可矿化氮加上土壤起始矿质氮后,相关系数更高,0～45cm土层的可矿化氮、全氮、有机质与作物吸氮量的相关性高于45cm以下的土层,且以30～45cm土层的为最好;以土壤全氮或有机质作为评价土壤供氮能力的指标,效果不如可矿化氮。     

不同动物油脂对大鼠血糖血脂及血液相关因子的影响研究

研究羊油、猪油、牛油、马油4种油脂对大鼠血糖、血脂及血液相关因子的影响研究。130只雄性健康SD大鼠随机分为对照组、羊油脂组、猪油脂组、牛油脂组和马油脂组共5组。各油脂组再分为高（2mL／100g体重）、中（1mL／100g体重）、低（0．5mL／100g体重）剂量3个灌胃组,对照组灌胃纯净水（1mL／100g体重）。灌胃56d后,测定各组动物体重、内脏脂肪重量、血糖（GLU）、血脂4项[高密度脂蛋白（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）、胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）3的变化以及脂代谢相关血液因子[血浆胰岛素（INS）、瘦素（LEP）、一氧化氮（NO）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和丙二醛（MDA）]的变化。结果表明,与对照相比,4种油脂对大鼠的体重、LEP、NO影响不明显（P〉0．05）;4种动物油脂的高剂量组以及猪油脂和马油脂的中剂量组均能显著增加内脏脂肪的重量（P〈0．05）;羊油脂中剂量组、马油脂高剂量和中剂量组的GLU值均极显著升高（P〈0．01）;羊油脂高剂量组HDL—C水平显著升高（P〈0．05）,猪油脂高剂量组HDL—C水平极显著升高（P〈0．01）;牛油脂高剂量组LDL—C水平显著升高（P〈0．05）;牛油脂和马油脂的各剂量组TC水平均极显著升高（P〈0．01）;仅羊油脂高剂量组TG水平显著升高（P〈0．05）;马油脂的高、中剂量组的血浆INS水平极显著降低（P〈0．01）;羊油脂和猪油脂的各剂量组MDA水平均极显著升高（P〈0．01）;牛油脂和马油脂的各剂量组SOD水平均极显著升高（P〈0．01）;4种油脂对大鼠的体重、血浆LEP、血浆NO没有明显影响;灌服猪油脂对大鼠GLU水平影响不明显;灌服高剂量羊油脂可明显升高大鼠血液HDL-C和TG水平;猪油脂主要表现为升高HDL-C水平;而牛油脂和马油脂各剂量组则可极显著升高血浆总胆固醇。羊油脂和猪油脂均能升高大鼠的MDA水平;牛油脂和马油脂均能升高大鼠的SOD水平,推测牛油脂和马油脂具有抗氧化的作用。     

NITRATE UPTAKE KINETICS AND METABOLIC PARAMETERS IN TWO RICE VARIETIES GROWN IN HIGH AND LOW NITRATE

A study was conducted on the effect of nitrate (NO₃) levels on nitrate uptake kinetics and nitrogen (N) metabolism in two rice varieties, Piaui (landrace) and IAC-47 (improved). At 27 days after germination (DAG) N supply was suspended for 72 h, and then restored as 0.2 or 2 mM nitrate. The nitrate uptake kinetics was determined by the depletion method. Plants were harvested at 0, 6, and 24 h. Plants of the Piaui variety under 0.2 mM nitrate showed higher V_max and lower K_M, indicating higher efficiency of nitrate uptake at low supply. In the sheaths of both varieties, there was a greater accumulation of nitrate and lower activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase. The V-H⁺-ATPase activity increased between 0 and 6 h accompanying the nitrate influx, suggesting that the activity of this proton pump is necessary for the antiport activity (H⁺/2NO^? ₃) involved in the accumulation of nitrate into vacuoles.     

春玉米平衡施肥效果的研究

田间试验表明:春玉米平衡施肥不仅可以提高产量,还可以促进其对养分的吸收,在OPT施肥处理水平下,每形成100 kg玉米子粒吸收1.56 kg的N、0.25 kg的P2O5、0.73 kg的K2O,玉米吸收N、P、K的比例约为1∶0.16∶0.47,吸收N、P、K高峰期出现在拔节期至大喇叭口期。在供试土壤上,N是限制高产的主要养分限制因子,中、微量元素目前还没有成为土壤的养分限制因子。