Disposition kinetics and urinary excretion of gentamicin in buffalo bulls (Bubalus bubalis)

The disposition kinetics and urinary excretion of gentamicin sulphate were studied in young buffalo bulls following a single intramuscular administration of the drug at 5 mg kg^-1 body weight. The time course of the serum gentamicin concentration was adequately described by the one-compartment open model. The values of the absorption and elimination halflives were 12.2±2.2 and 167.0±29.7 min respectively. The apparent volume of distribution was 0.29±0.01 L kg^-1. During the first 12 h, 63% of the total administered dose was excreted in urine. On the basis of the kinetic data, a satisfactory intramuscular dosage regimen for gentamicin sulphate would be at least 6 mg kg^-1 body weight repeated at 8 h intervals.     

Effect of gentamicin on CD3+ T-lymphocyte proliferation for treatment of equine recurrent uveitis: An in vitro study

Objective

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of gentamicin on CD3+ T-lymphocyte proliferation and cell viability using an in vitro cell culture model as a means of investigating the mechanism of action of low-dose intravitreal gentamicin injection.

Animals Studied

Three adult horses with no evidence of ophthalmic or systemic disease.

Procedure

Peripheral blood lymphocytes were treated with gentamicin at concentrations 37.5 μg/mL, 112.5 μg/mL, 187 μg/mL, 375 μg/mL, or 750 μg/mL then stimulated to proliferate with concanavalin A (ConA). 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and carboxyfluoroscein succinimidyl ester (CSFE) were used as markers of cell viability and cell proliferation, respectively. Following 5-day culture, live cell counts and CSFE fluorescent intensity data were collected via automated cell count and flow cytometry. The experimental design was duplicated using preservative-free gentamicin and a proprietary brand formulation. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparison test.

Results

No statistically significant comparisons in CD3+ T-lymphocyte live cell counts and geometric mean fluorescent intensity of CSFE were identified between gentamicin concentrations or formulations.

Conclusions

Gentamicin had no effect on equine peripheral blood CD3+ T-lymphocyte cell viability and proliferation in concentrations ranging from “safe” to “retinotoxic” in relation to intravitreal injection volumes. Low-dose intravitreal gentamicin may not suppress the Th1- and Th17-mediated immune response.     

青蒿琥酯通过Keap1/Nrf2通路抑制氧化应激改善犬急性肾损伤的体内外分析

本研究旨在观察青蒿琥酯对庆大霉素诱导犬急性肾损伤的抗氧化调节作用及其机制。将20只犬随机等分成4组：对照组(Control)、庆大霉素模型组(GM)、青蒿琥酯治疗组(GM+ART)、青蒿琥酯+ML385干预组(GM+ART+ML385)。除对照组,其他组犬采用注射GM建立AKI模型。成功造模后,GM+ART组给与青蒿琥酯,ART+ML385组给与ART和ML385,对照组和GM组给予生理盐水,试验期12 d。用不同浓度GM与MDCK细胞共培养,确定最佳浓度为4.0 mmol·L^-1,用相同方法确定ART最佳浓度为50.0 μmol·L^-1。将体外培养MDCK细胞、过表达Kelch样ECH相关蛋白1(Keap1)的MDCK细胞(M-K)和敲减核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)表达的MDCK细胞(M-SiNrf2)分别分成3组：健康对照组、GM对照组和GM+ART干预组,共培养24 h后用于检测。结果显示：1)在动物试验中,GM+ART组肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(UN)及肾损伤因子1(KIM-1)水平显著低于GM组,GM+ART+ML385组Cr、UN及KIM-1水平显著高于GM+ART组。2)在动物试验中,与GM组比较,GM+ART组Nrf2和谷胱甘肽半胱氨酸连接酶催化亚基(GCLC)蛋白表达上调,Keap1蛋白表达下调,肾组织匀浆中总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平升高,丙二醛(MDA)水平降低。与GM+ART组比较,给与ML385后Nrf2和GCLC蛋白表达下调,T-SOD和GSH水平降低。3)在细胞试验中,与4.0 mmol·L^-1 GM共培养的MDCK细胞比较,加入50.0 μmol·L^-1ART能显著提高细胞增殖率,降低ROS水平,下调Keap1表达,上调Nrf2、血红素氧合酶1(HO1)及GCLC表达。4)在细胞试验中,与MDCK细胞比较,在GM+ART相同处理下,M-K细胞和M-SiNrf2细胞Keap1蛋白表达上调,Nrf2、HO1及GCLC蛋白表达下调,细胞增殖率降低,ROS含量升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)。综上所述,青蒿琥酯对庆大霉素诱导犬急性肾损伤具有保护作用,其作用机制与青蒿琥酯通过Keap1/Nrf2信号通路抑制氧化应激反应有关。     

同时检测牛奶中喹诺酮类和庆大霉素残留的胶体金免疫层析方法研究

【目的】喹诺酮类药物和庆大霉素均为高效、广谱抗菌药物,对大多数革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌都具有显著的抗菌效果,是中国畜牧业和水产业中常用的两类兽药。由于这两类药物在动物源性食品中的残留可能导致对人类健康的危害,因此,为了保护消费者的健康,研究和制定动物源性食品中同时检测这两类药物的残留检测方法对完善中国的食品安全监测体系具有重要意义。【方法】建立了同时检测牛奶中13种喹诺酮类和庆大霉素残留的胶体金免疫层析方法。采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金颗粒,并对喹诺酮类和庆大霉素单克隆抗体按比例进行混合标记。同时,采用方阵法系统研究了胶体金标记这两类抗体时的pH值和抗体用量对灵敏度的影响,并对这两类药物抗原的包被条件进行选择确定。在此基础上研发出可同时检测牛奶中13种喹诺酮类药物和庆大霉素的胶体金快速检测试纸条,试纸条采用直接竞争法原理。【结果】该方法可同时检测恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、氟甲喹、培氟沙星、氧氟沙星、依诺沙星、噁喹酸、麻保沙星、氟罗沙星、奥比沙星、达氟沙星和洛美沙星这13种喹诺酮类药物和庆大霉素,对其他喹诺酮类药物如：沙拉沙星、二氟沙星、司帕沙星、帕珠沙星等无交叉反应,同时对其他氨基糖苷类药物如：链霉素、新霉素、卡那霉素等也无交叉反应。该试纸条对牛奶中这13种喹诺酮类药物和庆大霉素的检测限均为20 ng·mL^-1,完全满足国家对这两类药物的残留限量要求。牛奶样本直接检测,无需处理,整个检测过程5 min内完成。【结论】采用该方法和HPLC-MS/MS对60份牛奶盲样进行比对试验,阳性样品全部检出,同时筛选方法未出现假阳性和假阴性现象,二者的测定结果基本相符,表明该方法准确可靠,适用于现场大批量样本的快速检测和筛选。实际操作过程中,可以采用胶体金免疫层析对样品进行现场快速初筛;筛选的疑似阳性样品,可以采用HPLC-MS/MS方法对样品中QNS和GEN的含量进一步确认。     

抗庆大霉素单克隆抗体的制备及其初步应用#br#

 【目的】制备抗庆大霉素(gentamicin,GM)的高亲和力特异性单克隆抗体,并鉴定其免疫学特性,为进一步研究GM快速检测试剂盒和试纸条打下基础。【方法】用EDC法将BSA和OVA分别和GM偶联作为免疫原或包被原,并经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)鉴定。用合成的BSA-GM免疫Balb/c小鼠,经过4次免疫后,用间接ELISA和阻断ELISA选择细胞融合备用鼠,选择高效价、敏感的小鼠进行抗原超强免疫;取其脾细胞应用杂交瘤技术与骨髓瘤细胞建立分泌GM 单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibody,mAb)的杂交瘤细胞株;用体内诱生腹水法制备GM mAb,对GM mAb的效价、敏感性和特异性等免疫学特性进行鉴定,;应用阻断ELISA试验原理组装GM-Kit,并对鲜奶中添加的GM标准样品进行测定。【结果】SDS-PAGE电泳鉴定表明BSA-GM人工抗原偶联成功;免疫的3只小鼠血清抗体效价均达到10-3;其中2号小鼠血清GM抑制效价较高且IC50最低,达17.28 ng•mL-1,融合后筛选出5E2-D7、1A3-A9、5E2-A12和2A6-B5共6株敏感特异的杂交瘤细胞,其细胞培养上清液效价分别为1﹕1600、1﹕800、1﹕800和1﹕800,腹水效价分别为1﹕2.05×107、1﹕5.12×106、1﹕2.56×106和1﹕2.56×106,5E2-D7株对GM的IC50为0.30 ng•mL-1,与链霉素、卡那霉素等其他氨基糖苷类抗生素无交叉反应性;检测鲜牛奶样的平均添加回收率分别为96.0%,平均变异系数均低于15%。【结论】本试验获得了高效价、敏感、特异的抗GM mAb,为GM残留检测奠定了坚实的基础。     

Preparation of the gentamicin and salicylic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles and its in vitro releasing investigation

Gentamycin (GM) and salicylic acid (SA) loaded chitosan (CS) nanoparticles are prepared and used to inhibit the ototoxicity of GM. Nanoparticles are prepared via the cross-linking method by CS and sodium tripolyphosphate. The characteristics of nanoparticles such as size, zeta potential, shape, loading capacity, and in vitro release profiles are determined. The nanoparticles are spherical in shape with an average diameter of 40 nm. The entrapment efficient of GM and SA is (91.24±0.24)% and (80.75±0.15)% respectively, and loading capacity are (34.15±1.02)% and (38.35±0.48)%. The drug release shows good sustained-release effect and follows ambiexponent kinetic equation. It demonstrates that GM and SA loaded CS nanoparticles have promising potential effect on antagonism ototoxicity of GM, and the nephrotoxicity may be also decreased through the expected sustained-release characteristics of CS nanoparticles.     

Adverse effects of polymyxin B administration to healthy horses

BackgroundPolymyxin B (PolyB) is used to treat endotoxemia in horses; neurologic and nephrogenic adverse effects occur in humans.ObjectivesTo describe PolyB adverse effects in horses.AnimalsFive healthy horses (ataxia 0/5), 1 horse with cervical osteoarthritis (ataxia 1/5).MethodsProspective blinded randomized cross‐over trial; 3‐weeks wash out. Horses received PolyB (PolyB 6000 IU/kg IV, 7 doses q12h, n = 6) and PolyB/gentamicin (PolyB 6000 IU/kg IV, q12h 7 doses; gentamicin 10 mg/kg IV q24h 4 doses n = 4, or q12‐24 h 5 doses because of an additional erroneous dose, n = 2). Daily neurological examinations were video recorded, and ataxia graded by 3 observers. Urine status, urinary GGT/creatinine ratio, plasma creatinine, and urea were assessed every other day, EMG daily. Mixed model analysis was used to evaluate factors associated with ataxia grade and [PolyB].ResultsMedian ataxia score increased from 0/5 (range 0‐2/5) to 2/5 (range 1‐3/5) during administration and declined to 0.5/5 (range 0‐2/5) after cessation. Gentamicin co‐administration (P < .01, effect size: .8), number of PolyB doses (P < .001, effect size: .6), and time since last PolyB dose (P < .001, effect size: .5) had a significant effect on ataxia grades, while horse, day, [Genta], [PolyB], and [PolyB]_CSF did not. Gentamicin co‐administration and [Genta] C_peak had no effect on median [PolyB] C_peak (4.67 and 4.89 μg/ml for PolyB and PolyB/gentamicin, respectively). Urinary GGT/creatinine ratio was elevated in 3/6 horses receiving PolyB/gentamicin. The EMG remained unchanged.Conclusions and Clinical ImportancePolyB caused transient ataxia, worsening with cumulative PolyB doses and gentamicin co‐administration. Nephrotoxicity of PolyB was only evident when gentamicin was co‐administered.     

Comparison of changes in urinary and blood levels of biomarkers associated with proximal tubular injury in rat models

To investigate useful biomarkers associated with proximal tubular injury, we assessed changes in levels of a focused set of biomarkers in urine and blood. Male rats administered a single dose or four doses of gentamicin (GM, 240 mg/kg/day) or a single dose of cisplatin (CDDP, 5 mg/kg) were euthanized on days 2 (the day after initial dosing) 5, or 12. At each time point, histopathological examination of the kidney and immunohistochemistry for biomarkers, kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1), lipocalin (NGAL), clusterin (CLU), cystatin C (CysC) and β2-microglobulin (β2M) were performed. Biomarker levels were measured in urine and blood. In both treatment groups, degenerated/necrotic proximal tubules and regenerated tubules were mainly observed on days 5 and 12, respectively. At the same time as these tubular injuries, urinary Kim-1, CysC and β2M levels were increased. Moreover, urinary levels of CysC and β2M in GM-treated animals and Kim-1 in CDDP-treated animals increased (on day 2) prior to tubular injury on day 5. This was considered to reflect the characteristics of drug toxicity. Although almost all of the biomarkers in blood were not sufficiently sensitive to detect proximal tubular injury, urinary and plasma β2M levels simultaneously increased. Therefore, in addition to urinary Kim-1, CysC and β2M levels, plasma β2M levels were also considered useful for detecting proximal tubular injury.