A review of sex determination and searches for sex‐specific markers in sturgeon

The availability of monosex populations of caviar‐producing female sturgeon would considerably enhance the economic viability of domestic caviar production systems. However, it is not possible to distinguish males from females by morphological characters at larval, juvenile and even adult stages. The mechanism of sex determination in sturgeons is poorly understood, and to date no sex‐specific markers in sturgeon have been reported. This review concentrates on the methodologies used to elucidate the mode of sex determination in sturgeon species and provides information on the molecular tools used to determine genetic sex markers.     

梅花鹿与欧洲马鹿染色体水平基因组的比较研究

旨在从基因组层面揭示梅花鹿与欧洲马鹿的起源进化,找到与进化过程相关的信号通路并与表型进行关联.本试验以成年雌性梅花鹿与成年雄性欧洲马鹿染色体水平基因组作为研究对象,利用比较基因组学的方法对梅花鹿和欧洲马鹿基因组进行染色体共线性分析,获得两个物种间基因组序列的同源关系和基因组发生的染色体倒位现象,并对被倒位截断和在倒位内...     

组学技术应用于茶树物质代谢研究中的进展

茶树是多年生常绿木本植物,对种质资源进行有效地评价与分析是茶学研究的重要领域,茶树代谢产物如多酚类、咖啡碱、茶氨酸和多糖类等物质不仅是重要的植物天然产物,也是构成茶叶滋味、香气的特征品质成分,被广泛应用于食品、医药等行业。组学技术具有高通量、高灵敏度和系统性的特点,已成为生命科学研究中的强有力工具,也为茶树研究提供了新的方法。茶树系统生物学的研究离不开组学技术的发展,功能基因组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学等技术已应用于儿茶素、氨基酸、咖啡碱、多糖等重要功能成分的代谢研究。本研究综述了组学技术在茶树物质代谢中的研究进展,对研究中的不足之处进行了阐述,并讨论了组学技术在茶树物质代谢研究中的应用前景。     

生物信息学及其在农业科学中的应用

综述了生物信息学的形成与发展及其数据库和功能基因组学研究;同时也概括了生物信息学在模式植物研究、种质资源保存、病虫害防治、作物遗传育种等方面的应用。     

Development of Genome-Wide Scan for Selection Signature in Farm Animals

Identifying targets of positive selection in farm animals has, until recently, been frustratingly slow, relying on the analysis of individual candidate genes. Genomics, however, has provided the necessary resources to systematically interrogate the entire genome for signatures of selection. This review described important recent results derived from the application of genome-wide scan to the study of genetic changes in farm animals. These included findings of regions of the genome that showed breed differentiation, evidence of selective sweeps within individual genomes and signatures of demographic events. Particular attention is focused on the study of the implications for domestication. To date, sixteen genome-wide scans for recent or ongoing positive selection have been performed in farm animals. A key challenge is to begin synthesizing these newly constructed maps of selection into a coherent narrative of animal breed evolutionary history and derive a deeper mechanistic understanding of how animal populations improve or evolve. The major insights from the surveyed studies are highlighted and directions for future study are suggested.     

VIGS技术在禾本科植物中的应用研究进展

病毒诱导基因沉默(Virus-induced gene silencing,VIGS)是一种转录后基因沉默现象.近年来在植物基因功能研究中,VIGS技术作为一种快速、高效、高通量的反向遗传学新技术发挥了重要作用.尤其在禾本科植物基因功能研究中VIGS技术得到了广泛的应用.本文阐述了VIGS技术的发现及作用机制,并重点介绍了在禾本科植物中应用的VIGS载体及功能基因组学研究的应用实例,最后探讨了VIGS技术在禾本科植物中影响沉默效率的因素、局限性及应用前景.     

二代测序技术在水稻基因组学和转录组学研究中的应用

二代测序技术是测序技术的一次革命性突破,它具有高通量、高精度、低成本的优势,为水稻基因组学研究提供了新的研究方法和解决方案。概述了以使用合成法测序和连接法测序为原理的二代测序技术的特点和发展,并总结了其在水稻基因组学,包括结构基因组学和功能基因组学以及转录组学研究中的应用,并就当前测序技术的发展趋势作了展望。     

昆虫病原真菌基因组学及多组学研究进展

昆虫病原真菌是重要的生物防治资源,利用昆虫病原真菌防治农业害虫具有不易产生抗性、易造成昆虫病害流行、生态安全环保等优势,推广应用昆虫病原真菌控制害虫是今后生态农业的发展趋势.现代测序技术的飞速发展促进了真菌基因组学的研究,在全基因组测序、系统发育基因组学、比较基因组学以及多组学(转录组学、蛋白组学、代谢组学)联合分析等...     

Multi-omics-driven development of alternative crops for natural rubber production

Natural rubber (NR) is an irreplaceable biopolymer of economic and strategic importance owing to its unique physical and chemical properties.  The Pará rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg.) is currently the exclusive commercial source of NR, and it is primarily grown in plantations restricted to the tropical and subtropical areas of Southeast Asia.  However, current Pará rubber production barely meets the sharply increasing global industrial demand for rubber.  Petroleum-based synthetic rubber (SR) has been used to supplement the shortage of NR but its industrial performance is not comparable to that of NR.  Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new productive rubber crops with broader environmental adaptability.  This review summarizes the current research progress on alternative rubber-producing plants, including horticultural plants (Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin and Lactuca L. species), woody plants (Parthenium argentatum A. Gray and Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.), and other plant species with potential for NR production.  With an emphasis on the molecular basis of NR biosynthesis revealed by a multi-omics approach, we highlight new integrative strategies and biotechnologies for exploring the mechanism of NR biosynthesis with a broader scope, which may accelerate the breeding and improvement of new rubber crops.      

斑点叉尾鮰源嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌的全基因组测序及比较基因组学

嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌是近年来引起斑点叉尾鮰暴发高致死性传染病的主要病原之一。为了对防治该病提供技术储备,本研究对嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌XH.SM.1菌株进行全基因组测序与比较基因组学分析,同时用扫描电镜观察其超微形态特征。电镜观察显示,XH.SM.1为两端钝圆的短杆状细菌,菌体平均长度(1.73±0.35)μm,平均直径(0.43±0.04)μm。全基因组测序得到XH.SM.1基因组大小为4.56 Mb,GC含量为66.60%,编码4087个基因。将基因组序列上传NCBI,得到登录号:PYBO01000001.1。通过与VFDB数据库比对,预测得到3个可信度较高的毒力基因。共线性分析结果显示XH.SM.1与10株完成图水平的嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌有较好的共线性。ARDB数据库预测和基因组岛分析,共同发现XH.SM.1基因组中含有许多耐药基因。泛基因组分析显示XH.SM.1呈现开放性(open)结果,这与嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌为环境常在的条件致病菌的表型相吻合,说明其适应环境和与外界进行遗传物质交流的能力较好。