沪农灵芝1号全基因组分析和演化比较

对“沪灵芝”(Ganoderma lucidum SH)等23个真菌物种进行全基因组系统发生分析,进一步选取其中具有代表性的物种进行比较基因组学分析.全基因组系统发生分析和分子钟估计结果显示,沪灵芝分化时间(8.75百万年前)明显晚于灵芝属分化时间(180百万年前);基因家族尺寸和直系同源基因数目分析显示,与另外参试灵芝菌种相比沪灵芝基因家族具有一定的收缩趋势;进一步对基因家族数目进行比较的结果显示,沪灵芝逆转录酶家族发生了显著扩增.GO功能分析提示沪灵芝逆转录酶家族的功能富集主要为核酸结合功能和酶的催化活性.     

DNA marker for resistance to Puccinia horiana in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) “Southern Pegasus”

White rust caused by Puccinia horiana Henn. adversely affects chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) production. The breeding of resistant varieties is effective in controlling the disease. Here we aimed to develop DNA markers for the strong resistance to P. horiana. We conducted a linkage analysis based on the genome-wide association study (GWAS) method. We employed a biparental population for the GWAS, wherein the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) allele frequency could be predicted. The population was derived from crosses between a strong resistant “Southern Pegasus” and a susceptible line. The GWAS used simplex and double-simplex SNP markers selected out of SNP candidates mined from ddRAD-Seq data of an F₁ biparental population. These F₁ individuals segregated in a 1:1 ratio of resistant to susceptible. Twenty-one simplex SNPs were significantly associated with P. horiana resistance in “Southern Pegasus” and generated one linkage group. These results show the presence of a single resistance gene in “Southern Pegasus”. We identified the nearest SNP marker located 2.2 cM from P. horiana resistance locus and demonstrated this SNP marker-resistance link using an independent population. This is the first report of an effective DNA marker linked to a gene for P. horiana resistance in chrysanthemum.     

Genome-wide association mapping focusing on a rice population derived from rice breeding programs in a region

Plant breeding programs in local regions may generate genetic variations that are desirable to local populations and shape adaptability during the establishment of local populations. To elucidate genetic bases for this process, we proposed a new approach for identifying the genetic bases for the traits improved during rice breeding programs; association mapping focusing on a local population. In the present study, we performed association mapping focusing on a local rice population, consisting of 63 varieties, in Hokkaido, the northernmost region of Japan and one of the northern limits of rice cultivation worldwide. Six and seventeen QTLs were identified for heading date and low temperature germinability, respectively. Of these, 13 were novel QTLs in this population and 10 corresponded to the QTLs previously reported based on QTL mapping. The identification of QTLs for traits in local populations including elite varieties may lead to a better understanding of the genetic bases of elite traits. This is of direct relevance for plant breeding programs in local regions.     

特异性识别K1荚膜大肠杆菌的噬菌体PNJ1809-36生物学特性及全基因组分析

本研究以K1荚膜大肠杆菌DE058（avian pathogenic Escherichia coli）为宿主菌,从鸡粪中分离烈性噬菌体PNJ1809-36并对其进行生物学特性的研究和基因组测序及分析。将噬菌体PNJ1809-36进行分离纯化,通过形态学观察、最佳MOI测定、一步生长曲线测定、温度和酸碱耐受性测定、体外裂解能力测定以及全基因组测序及分析来研究该噬菌体的生物学特性和基因组特征。结果显示：噬菌体PNJ1809-36能够形成清晰透明的噬菌斑,其电镜照片显示为具有收缩尾部的肌尾科噬菌体;宿主谱分析结果显示,该噬菌体能够特异性裂解具有K1荚膜的大肠杆菌;最佳MOI为0.01;一步生长曲线结果显示,其潜伏期为10 min,爆发期为40 min;噬菌体PNJ1809-36在40和50℃下存活良好,60℃ 30 min可使噬菌体完全失活;噬菌体在pH3~11之间均可存活,最适pH为6;体外裂解试验表明,该噬菌体可在6 h内完全抑制宿主菌的生长。经基因组测序与分析,噬菌体PNJ1809-36基因组全长为152 343 bp,GC含量为39.11%,含有277个开放阅读框（ORF）,11个tRNA基因。同源性分析显示其与早期发现的K1特异性的短尾噬菌体（如K1F、K1E）的同源性较低,而与噬菌体nepoznato、PVP-SE 1和phAPEC8等K1特异性噬菌体同源性较高,基因序列相似性达90%。噬菌体PNJ1809-36是一株特异性识别K1荚膜大肠杆菌的烈性噬菌体,属于肌尾科噬菌体新的系统发育分支。其针对K1荚膜的特性,提示该噬菌体在鉴定K1型大肠杆菌和治疗K1型大肠杆菌引起的疾病方面存在潜力。     

本氏烟半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因家族特征及其在TMV侵染中的功能

【目的】明确抗病毒化合物氯吲哚酰肼（chloroinconazide,CHI）诱导的本氏烟（Nicotiana benthamiana）半胱氨酸蛋白酶（cysteine proteinase,CP）在烟草花叶病毒（tobacco mosaic virus,TMV）侵染过程中的作用及其基因家族特征,为理解茄科作物抗病毒分子机制及化学调控提供理论依据。【方法】利用全基因组策略,从茄科作物基因组数据库Sol Genomics Network中检索获得本氏烟NbCP的全家族基因序列,利用生物信息学分析NbCP基因家族的进化关系、Motif基序及启动子顺式作用元件。根据生物信息分析结果,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析TMV侵染后NbCP基因的表达,以此筛选出潜在抗病蛋白。使用烟草脆裂病毒（tobacco rattle virus,TRV）介导的基因沉默技术和马铃薯X病毒（potato virus X,PVX）介导的基因过表达技术验证该关键蛋白对TMV-GFP侵染的影响,结合实时荧光定量PCR手段探索该关键蛋白的抗病毒机制。【结果】NbCP家族共有24个成员,根据其染色体定位命名为NbCP1—NbCP24。进化关系分析表明NbCP分成5个亚家族,其中Group V含有7个NbCP,而Group I仅含2个NbCP;Motif分析表明不同分支NbCP具有相似的motif分布;启动子顺式作用元件分析表明NbCP家族基因受光调控,并且多个NbCP家族基因启动子含有茉莉酸甲酯、水杨酸甲酯、脱落酸、赤霉素和生长素等激素响应元件。结合生物信息学分析,从上述各个亚家族中分别筛选1个关键潜在抗病相关NbCP基因（NbCP8、NbCP12、NbCP13、NbCP18、NbCP22）,并利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析上述基因在TMV侵染第5天的表达,发现NbCP8表达差异性最大,上升了2.6倍,NbCP8在叶中的表达量最高,其次是茎和根,在花中的表达量最低。TRV介导的NbCP8沉默能显著增加TMV-GFP的侵染,而PVX介导的NbCP8过表达能显著抑制TMV-GFP侵染,表明NbCP8作为植物正调控因子抑制病毒侵染。沉默NbCP8显著抑制了水杨酸信号途径相关基因PR1以及茉莉酸信号途径相关基因MYC2的表达,但对NPR1、COI1以及脱落酸信号途径相关基因ABA1和NCED1的表达无显著影响;而过表达NbCP8则显著提高了PR1以及ABA1的表达,但对NPR1、MYC2、COI1和NCED1的表达无显著影响。【结论】本氏烟NbCP参与了植物胁迫防御,其中NbCP8在抗TMV防御中起显著作用,其分子机制是通过诱导水杨酸信号途径参与抗病防御,研究结果可为茄科作物抗病毒的分子机制提供证据。     

A genomewide association study in divergently selected lines in rabbits reveals novel genomic regions associated with litter size traits

Uterine capacity (UC), defined as the total number of kits from unilaterally ovariectomized does at birth, has a high genetic correlation with litter size. The aim of our research was to identify genomic regions associated with litter size traits through a genomewide association study using rabbits from a divergent selection experiment for UC. A high-density SNP array (200K) was used to genotype 181 does from a control population, high and low UC lines. Traits included total number born (TNB), number born alive (NBA), number born dead, ovulation rate (OR), implanted embryos (IE) and embryo, foetal and prenatal survivals at second parity. We implemented the Bayes B method and the associations were tested by Bayes factors and the percentage of genomic variance (GV) explained by windows. Different genomic regions associated with TNB, NBA, IE and OR were found. These regions explained 7.36%, 1.27%, 15.87% and 3.95% of GV, respectively. Two consecutive windows on chromosome 17 were associated with TNB, NBA and IE. This genomic region accounted for 6.32% of GV of TNB. In this region, we found the BMP4, PTDGR, PTGER2, STYX and CDKN3 candidate genes which presented functional annotations linked to some reproductive processes. Our findings suggest that a genomic region on chromosome 17 has an important effect on litter size traits. However, further analyses are needed to validate this region in other maternal rabbit lines.     

Genome-Wide Association Study of Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Agronomic Traits in Upland Rice

Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed for 16 agronomic traits including nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and yield-related components using a panel of 190 mainly japonica rice varieties and a set of 38 390 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. This panel was evaluated under rainfed upland conditions in Madagascar in two consecutive cropping seasons with two contrasted nitrogen input levels. Using another set of five grain traits, we identified previously known genes (GW5, GS3, Awn1 and Glabrous1), thus validating the pertinence and accuracy of our datasets for GWAS. A total of 369 significant associations were detected between SNPs and agronomic traits, gathered into 46 distinct haplotype groups and 28 isolated markers. Few association signals were identified for the complex quantitative trait NUE, however, larger number of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected for its component traits, with 10 and 2 association signals for nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen uptake efficiency, respectively. Several detected association signals co-localized with genes involved in nitrogen transport or nitrogen remobilization within 100 kb. The present study thus confirmed the potential of GWAS to identify candidate genes and new loci associated with agronomic traits. However, because of the quantitative and complex nature of NUE-related traits, GWAS might have not captured a large number of QTLs with limited effects.     

小麦籽粒超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性全基因组关联分析

【目的】小麦籽粒超氧化物歧化酶活性对小麦面粉色泽和营养品质具有重要影响,挖掘与小麦籽粒超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性显著关联位点及候选基因,为揭示小麦籽粒SOD活性的遗传机理和小麦面粉色泽的遗传改良奠定基础。【方法】采用氮蓝四唑（nitro-blue tetrazolium,NBT）光化还原法对3个环境下种植的212份普通小麦品种（系）进行SOD活性检测,结合90K SNP芯片的16 705个高质量SNP标记对小麦籽粒SOD活性进行全基因组关联分析（genome-wide association study,GWAS）,并对稳定遗传的显著关联位点进行候选基因的挖掘。【结果】不同环境下,各小麦品种（系）间的SOD活性表现出丰富的表型变异,变异系数为4.34%—5.23%,相关系数介于0.60—0.90（P<0.001）。多态性信息含量（polymorphic information content,PIC）为0.24—0.29。全基因组连锁不平衡（linkage disequilibrium,LD）衰减距离为7 Mb。群体结构分析表明,供试材料可分为3个亚群。GWAS分析结果显示,共检测到29个与SOD活性显著关联位点（P≤0.001）,分布在1A、1B、2A、2B、2D、3B、3D、4B、4D、5A、5B、5D、6A、6B、6D和7B染色体上,单个位点可解释5.47%—32.43%的表型变异,其中14个位点在2个及以上环境下均被检测到。9个显著关联位点在3个环境下被同时检测到,分布于1B、2B、4B、5A、5B、6B和6D染色体,贡献率为6.21%—16.62%。对稳定遗传的显著关联位点进行候选基因的挖掘,共挖掘TraesCS2B01G567600、TraesCS3D01G069900、TraesCS3D01G070200、TraesCS5B01G525700、TraesCS5B01G373700、TraesCS6A01G021400和TraesCS6D01G431500等7个SOD基因和TraesCS5A01G263500、TraesCS6B01G707800等2个与SOD活性相关的候选基因,候选基因的功能主要与抑制细胞活性氧积累及参与抗氧化剂再生过程有关。【结论】检测到与小麦籽粒SOD活性显著关联的29个SNP位点,共筛选出7个SOD基因和2个与SOD活性有关的候选基因。     

新疆褐牛产奶和繁殖性状候选基因功能注释

基于新疆褐牛产奶和繁殖性状全基因组关联分析研究结果,对候选基因进行生物信息学功能分析,进一步筛选出与新疆褐牛产奶和繁殖性状显著相关的关键基因。根据关联分析结果中显著单核苷酸多肽位点的物理位置共找到55个候选基因,其中49个基因可在数据库中检索到相应功能注释信息。GO分类结果显示,这些基因涉及代谢、转录等30个GO条目;KEGG代谢通路富集分析结果显示,候选基因富集于7个通路中,其中基因数最多的是Wnt信号通路和钙黏素信号通路。通过查阅各候选基因相关研究进展和相关基因的生物学功能、生理生化分析,发现对产奶性状候选基因中的CDH2、GABRG2和繁殖性状候选基因中的EPRS基因可进行下一步的基因功能研究。     

Genome-wide association study identifies QTLs conferring salt tolerance in rice

Rice is the most important cereal crop but is sensitive to salinity stress. Increased salinization is progressively reducing rice productivity, escalating calls for research to ensure sustainable food production. The genetic diversity available in cultivars provides a rich resource for discovering genes associated with salt tolerance which has not yet been sufficiently utilized. In this study, 54 QTLs associated with salt tolerance were detected through genome-wide association study (GWAS) using a core population consisting of 181 cultivars. We detected 17 loci significantly associated with dry weight ratio (DWR) for salt tolerance. In the region of a novel QTL qST-7.19 on chromosome 7, we identified a candidate gene encoding a multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) protein and further validated the effect by using near-isogenic line of the candidate gene. These QTLs and the candidate gene pave the ways for salinity tolerance improvement through molecular breeding.