355份粳稻种质资源在新疆的遗传多样性分析及综合评价

为筛选出适合新疆种植的综合性状较优的水稻种质资源,对国、内外355份水稻资源的17个质量性状和20个数量性状进行综合评价。结果表明：在质量性状指标中穗抽出度、二次枝梗、穗立形态、叶片茸毛和分蘖力上表现出丰富的变异类型;数量性状变异范围为3.906%～57.519%,遗传多样性指数为1.713～2.067。通过对数量性状进行聚类分析将355份水稻种质资源划分为4大类群,类群Ⅰ属于极端粒型的特异性种质,共97份;类群Ⅱ属于潜在增产种质,共81份;类群Ⅲ属于晚熟极端种质,共94份;类群Ⅳ属于优质高产种质,共83份。20个数量性状利用主成分分析提取5个综合因子,累计贡献率为74.989%,各成分的贡献率分别为17.472%(PC1)、17.071%(PC2)、15.738%(PC3)、15.237%(PC4)和9.429%(PC5);水稻种质资源的综合得分范围为0.416 8～1.240 8,综合得分前10名的种质资源依次为‘21Y137’‘21Y271’‘21Y162’‘21Y280’‘21Y276’‘21Y87’‘21Y132’‘21Y254’‘21Y294’‘21Y318’,均属于类群Ⅳ...     

DNA分子标记在甘薯遗传育种中的应用

DNA分子标记是继形态标记、细胞标记和生化标记之后发展起来的一种新的较为理想的遗传标记,在甘薯育种方面发挥了重要作用。主要概述了分子标记在甘薯的起源、进化与分类、图谱构建、遗传多样性分析、品种鉴定、基因定位与辅助育种等方面的研究进展,并对甘薯的分子育种提出了展望。     

大红甜橙遗传转化高效再生体系的建立

以大红甜橙的实生苗为试材,研究6-BA与IAA的不同浓度组合和Km不同浓度对大红甜橙不同外植体离体再生的影响和IBA的不同浓度对不定芽生根的影响,建立了高效的大红甜橙遗传转化再生体系.该体系的最佳条件是:1)以实生苗上胚轴为外植体.2)以MS无机盐 100mg/L肌醇 0.2mg/LV-B1 1mg/LV-B6 1mg/L烟酸 3%蔗糖 0.8%琼脂(pH5.8) 3mg/L6-BA为不定芽诱导培养基,在26℃黑暗条件下培养7d后,转移至光/暗周期16/8h的条件下诱导不定芽的分化(40d分化率达90%).以1/2MS 3%蔗糖 0.7%琼脂 2.0mg/LIBA为不定芽的生根培养基(40d生根率达94.7%).3)筛选遗传转化转化体的Km质量浓度为50mg/L.     

Multilocus sequence typing detects new Piscirickettsia salmonis hybrid genogroup in Chilean fish farms: Evidence for genetic diversity and population structure

Piscirickettsia salmonisis the causative bacterial pathogen of piscirickettsiosis, a salmonid disease that causes notable mortalities in the worldwide aquaculture industry. Published research describes the phenotypic traits, virulence factors, pathogenicity and antibiotic‐resistance potential for various P. salmonisstrains. However, evolutionary and genetic information is scarce for P. salmonis. The present study used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to gain insight into the population structure and evolution of P. salmonis. Forty‐two Chilean P. salmonisisolates, as well as the type strain LF‐89^T, were recovered from diseased Salmo salar, Oncorhynchus kisutchand Oncorhynchus mykissfrom two Chilean Regions. MLST assessed the loci sequences of dnaK, efp, fumC, glyA, murG, rpoD and trpB. Bioinformatics analyses established the genetic diversity among P. salmonis isolates (H = 0.5810). A total of 23 sequence types (ST) were identified, 53.48% of which were represented by ST1, ST5 and ST2. Population structure analysis through polymorphism patterns showed few polymorphic sites (218 nucleotides from 4,010 bp), while dN/dS ratio analysis indicated purifying selection for dnaK, epf, fumC, murG, and rpoD but neutral selection for the trpB loci. The standardized index of association indicated strong linkage disequilibrium, suggesting clonal population structure. However, recombination events were detected in a group of seven isolates. Findings included genogroups homologous to the LF‐89^T and EM‐90 strains, as well as a seven‐isolate hybrid genogroup recovered from both assessed regions (three O. mykiss and four S. salar isolates). The presented MLST scheme has comparative potential, with promising applications in studying distinct P. salmonis isolates (e.g., from different hosts, farms, geographical areas) and in understanding the epidemiology of this pathogen.     

条斑紫菜6个品系的SRAP分析

为鉴别条斑紫菜不同品系的种质,使用相关序列扩增多态性(sequence-related amplified polymorphism,SRAP)标记对条斑紫菜的5个选育品系和1个野生品系进行遗传分析,结果从35对引物组合中筛选出可扩增出稳定清晰条带的组合11对,共获得131个扩增位点,其中多态性位点125个,多态性比例高达95.42%。6个品系 间的遗传距离为0.364 3～0.867 9,平均为0.593 0。用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,结果将6个品系分为2个群,所反映的亲缘关系与各品系的来源基本一致,说明SRAP 标记技术可以成为条斑紫菜品系间遗传分析的有效工具。在131个多态性位点中,选择扩增出的4个位点构建了6个品系的指纹图谱。另外,通过ME1/EM6引物组合 扩增得到耐高温品系TM-18的特异性条带,经回收测序和重新设计引物,该条带在其丝状体和叶状体DNA中均能稳定地被扩增出来,可用于该品系的种质鉴别 。     

根据mtDNA控制区序列分析野生唇 的种群遗传结构

为了掌握不同地理种群唇(鱼骨)(Hemibarbu labeo)的遗传多样性和遗传结构,探讨其亲缘地理演化过程,研究分析了乌苏里江、长江、黑龙江、鸭绿江和牡丹江5大水系,8个地理群体(n=42)的mtDNA控制区404 bp片段的变异,该片段共有26个变异位点,变异率为6.43%,平均核苷酸多样性为0.011 5.42尾样本共检测到18个单倍型,这8个地理群体是以HT1和HT2单倍型为中心向外辐射演化的.AMOVA分析结果表明,群体内变异为59.29%,同一水系群体间变异为23.50%,不同水系群体间变异为17.20%,以上变异均达到显著水平(P＜0.05),群体间配对FST分析结果表明,同一水系内有些群体间差异也达到了显著水平.聚类分析发现,最大简约法(MP)和最大似然率法(ML)结果基本一致,嘉荫群体(HRJY)和四川群体(YRSC)绝大部分个体被聚在一支,鸭绿江群体(YRLJ)聚在一支,这与单倍型网络的分析结果一致,以上结果表明唇(鱼骨)的遗传多样较为丰富,黑龙江流域的唇(鱼骨)保持了祖先单倍型,其他地理群体为黑龙江流域内群体向不同方向演化的结果,并且部分地理群体已经形成了特有的单倍型.     

基于GBS技术的黄渤海沿岸托氏琩螺遗传特征分析

为了探讨辽宁沿海非经济贝类野生种群的遗传多样性水平和遗传分化特征,本研究选取了托氏琩螺(Umbonium thomasi),利用基于简化基因组测序的基因分型技术(GBS)对辽宁黄渤海沿岸的5个群体进行了全基因组水平的SNP标记开发和遗传特征分析。本研究共获得1315987个SNP标记,发现这5个托氏琩螺群体的观测杂合度和期望杂合度分别为0.0851～0.1161和0.1424～0.1627,观测杂合度均低于期望杂合度,说明托氏琩螺群体存在杂合子缺失,有种群退化风险。C4-ZH群体可能因为外来物种的入侵而发生种群缩小和多样性降低。遗传分化研究发现, 5个托氏琩螺群体处于中等分化水平,其中C5-JZ群体因为区域保护原因与其他4个群体的分化程度相对较高,且通过群体遗传结构分析发现,C5-JZ群体与其他群体的基因交流较少,基于此本研究开发了3个C5-JZ群体的特征性SNP标记。本研究结果将有助于了解辽宁沿海非经济物种的多样性水平,为自然资源的保护和利用提供依据。     

盐度胁迫及昼夜变化对鲻鱼幼鱼消化酶活力的影响

研究了S0（盐度为0）、S10、S20、S33（对照）和S40 5个盐度梯度14d内盐度胁迫及其昼夜变化对鲻鱼（Mugil cephalus）幼鱼蛋白酶和淀粉酶比活力的影响。结果显示：1）盐度胁迫对鲻鱼幼鱼的消化酶活力有显著影响（P〈0．05）。不同盐度的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力的变化规律都是在第0天～第7天升高,第7天～第14天降低,最终时（第14天）S0～S33蛋白酶活力呈上升趋势,S33～S40下降;S0～S20淀粉酶活力差异不显著（P〉0．05）,S20～S33呈上升,S33～S40下降,且差异显著（P〈0．05）;2）对鲻鱼幼鱼消化酶活性昼夜变化的测定表明,蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性的最高值分别在12：00和15：00,最低值均出现在6：00。因此,夜间设置定时投喂,可促进鱼类快速健康生长。     

Genetic parameters for growth‐related traits and survival with age in the Kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus

Genetic parameters were estimated for growth‐related traits and survival of the Kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus based on 66 families, including 30 paternal half‐sib families, which were obtained using artificial insemination of two females by each male. The variance components for growth‐related trait and survival were estimated using a single‐trait animal model and a sir‐dam model, respectively, and genetic parameters were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood method. The coefficients of variation for growth‐related traits such as body length (BL), abdominal length (AL), and body weight (BW) were 9.36%–22.44%, 10.61%–21.92%, and 26.47%–58.33%, respectively, at different ages (45, 75, 105, 135, and 165 days). The corresponding heritability estimates for each growth trait were 0.1545–0.1951, 0.1672–0.1905, and 0.1596–0.1934, respectively, all of which were found to be at moderate levels and increased with age. The heritability of survival on day 165 was low (0.003). The genetic correlations among growth traits were positive and high (0.7316–0.9896) at the different ages, suggesting that selection to improve any single growth trait will cause positive responses in other growth traits examined in M. japonicus. The genetic correlations between growth traits and survival were also positive but low (0.005–0.087), which indicated that only selecting for growth traits may not cause a positive correlated response in the survival of the core population. According to the above results, we suggested that growth and survival traits should be taken as improving targets of breeding in M. japonicus. These results provided reference data for selective breeding and multitrait selection of M. japonicus.     

红唇薄鳅2个野生群体的遗传多样性研究

采用9个微卫星DNA标记对长江支流岷江下游厥溪和长江上游干流朱杨溪红唇薄鳅的2个野生群体遗传多样性及遗传分化情况进行了研究。共检测出73条等位基因,其中厥溪群体中有55条等位基因,朱杨溪群体中有69条等位基因,两群体共有等位基因数为51条。厥溪群体和朱杨溪群体的平均等位基因数分别为6.111和7.667,平均观测杂合度分别为0.665和0.668;平均期望杂合度分别0.684和0.712,平均多态性信息指数分别为0.621和0.656,从各参数结果来看,朱杨溪群体的遗传多样性水平高于厥溪。AMOVA结果显示,大多数遗传变异存在于红唇薄鳅群体内(98.68%),群体间的遗传变异为1.32%,固定系数不显著。基因流为9.42,表明两群体间基因交流频繁。UPGMA聚类显示,厥溪和朱杨溪群体中的个体相互混杂。这些结果表明长江上游厥溪和朱杨溪群体未出现遗传分化。