七叶树种间和种内生长与形态差异

七叶树(Aesculus spp.)是重要的药用经济树种,传统中药娑罗子即为七叶树种子,通常用于治疗胃寒腹胀、小儿疳积、痢疾等病症.国外在18世纪初就将欧洲七叶树(A.hippocastanum L.)种子和幼枝外皮的乙醇制剂用于解热和治疗痔疮、静脉曲张等疾病.     

德南牛全基因组变异解析和功能基因挖掘

[目的]研究德南牛的群体遗传结构和解析影响其重要性状的关键基因。[方法]通过主成分分析、群体进化树分析、群体遗传结构分析等方法,研究德南牛的遗传结构和与其他品种的亲缘关系;同时,利用全基因组SNP数据,计算德南牛与德国黄牛、南阳牛群体固定指数(Fst)和核苷酸多样性比值(π ratio)、复合似然比(CLR)、XP-EHH等多种选择信号指标,以筛选出德南牛基因组上受到选择的信号,鉴定出重要的候选基因。[结果] 德南牛具有欧洲普通牛(0.789)、东亚牛(0.176)、中国瘤牛(0.035)的混合血统。在θπ和CLR方法中鉴定出93个共有基因,使用FST和XP-EHH方法鉴定出17个共有基因。进行富集以及基因功能注释后,发现这些基因可能与生殖性能(TUBB3、NSD2、GRM1、ERBB4)、生长性状(RFX3、FGFR3、GABRB1、PDE4D)、环境适应性(PGR、GRIA4)和免疫系统反应(P2RY12、P2RY13、GPR87、P2RY14、GPR171)有关。[结论]本项研究发现德南牛血统受德国黄牛影响较多,且挖掘了德南牛基因组内可能具有经济意义的性状相关的选择特征,为德南牛种群的选育提高提供理论支撑。     

Responsible Research and Innovation Framework,the Nagoya Protocol and Other European Blue Biotechnology Strategies and Regulations: Gaps Analysis and Recommendations for Increased Knowledge in the Marine Biotechnology Community

As the quest for marine-derived compounds with pharmacological and biotechnological potential upsurges, the importance of following regulations and applying Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) also increases. This article aims at: (1) presenting an overview of regulations and policies at the international and EU level, while demonstrating a variability in their implementation; (2) highlighting the importance of RRI in biodiscovery; and (3) identifying gaps and providing recommendations on how to improve the market acceptability and compliance of novel Blue Biotechnology compounds. This article is the result of the work of the Working Group 4 “Legal aspects, IPR and Ethics” of the COST Action CA18238 Ocean4Biotech, a network of more than 130 Marine Biotechnology scientists and practitioners from 37 countries. Three qualitative surveys (“Understanding of the Responsible Research and Innovation concept”, “Application of the Nagoya Protocol in Your Research”, and “Brief Survey about the experiences regarding the Nagoya Protocol”) indicate awareness and application gaps of RRI, the Nagoya Protocol, and the current status of EU policies relating to Blue Biotechnology. The article categorises the identified gaps into five main categories (awareness, understanding, education, implementation, and enforcement of the Nagoya Protocol) and provides recommendations for mitigating them at the European, national, and organisational level.     

甘孜藏牛mtDNA 基因组遗传多样性分析

［目的］探究甘孜藏牛的mtDNA基因组遗传多样性与母系起源。［方法］采用mtDNA全基因组序列比对及生物信息学方法。［结果］结果显示：在28头甘孜藏牛mtDNA 基因组中,共检测到1232个变异位点,确定了22种单倍型,其单倍型多样度（Hd）为0.98820±0.00010,核苷酸多样度（Pi）为0.02420±0.00003,表明甘孜藏牛具有丰富的母系遗传多样性。系统发育树和网络分布图表明,28头甘孜藏牛mtDNA基因组包括4种母系支系,分别为普通牛的T2、T3与T4支系,还有牦牛支系,其中T2支系占7.14%,T3支系占64.29%,T4支系占3.57%,牦牛支系占25 %。［结论］甘孜藏牛具有较丰富的母系遗传多样性,为普通牛母系起源,但与牦牛有杂交。     

木材断口分形的初步研究

木材是一种天然的多孔性生物高分子材料,结构复杂且变异性大,所以木材断裂表面定量分析的难度很高,对于木材内部裂纹产生、发展的研究一直没有大的突破.在木材断裂力学的研究中,国内外科学家运用传统的断裂试验方法研究居多,但普遍结论是规律不明显或找不到规律(费本华,1999).木材研究者们一直在寻找一种定量描述木材断裂表面形态的新指标,并希望在此基础上预测木材强度和了解木材断裂机制(Schmitt et al.,1996;Qin et al.,1999).     

火炬松半同胞子代配合选择的遗传增益估算

以半同胞子代为材料,开展火炬松生长性状的评价并进行配合选择,在估算3种遗传力的基础上,估算配合选择的遗传增益.子代测定林分别建于广东英德(24°15'N,113°45'E)和浙江富阳(30°15'N,119°58'E)2个地点,包含24个共同家系,均来自广东英德火炬松种子园.子代林为随机区组设计,6次重复,英德试点为6株行式小区,富阳试点为8株行式小区.以SAS(R)/STAT统计软件的VARCOMP过程用限制性最大似然法估算的方差成分进行遗传力的估算.结果表明:6年生树高单株遗传力、家系内遗传力和家系遗传力分别为0.161、0.129和0.579,胸径遗传力分别为0.075、0.059和0.384,单株材积遗传力分别为0.104、0.082和0.471.用3个公式估算配合选择的遗传增益.在数据严重不平衡的情况下,3个公式估算的结果非常接近,显示了简便的估算公式,即利用家系遗传力和家系内遗传力以及相应的选择差进行估算的公式,具有实用性和可靠性.     

Emerging Trends in Genetic Engineering of Microalgae for Commercial Applications

Recently, microalgal biotechnology has received increasing interests in producing valuable, sustainable and environmentally friendly bioproducts. The development of economically viable production processes entails resolving certain limitations of microalgal biotechnology, and fast evolving genetic engineering technologies have emerged as new tools to overcome these limitations. This review provides a synopsis of recent progress, current trends and emerging approaches of genetic engineering of microalgae for commercial applications, including production of pharmaceutical protein, lipid, carotenoids and biohydrogen, etc. Photochemistry improvement in microalgae and CO₂ sequestration by microalgae via genetic engineering were also discussed since these subjects are closely entangled with commercial production of the above mentioned products. Although genetic engineering of microalgae is proved to be very effective in boosting performance of production in laboratory conditions, only limited success was achieved to be applicable to industry so far. With genetic engineering technologies advancing rapidly and intensive investigations going on, more bioproducts are expected to be produced by genetically modified microalgae and even much more to be prospected.     

秦岭南坡不同海拔土壤肥力的空间分异规律

对秦岭南坡土壤肥力状况、空间分异规律及其与海拔的关系进行研究.结果表明,秦岭南坡土壤肥力指标在整个土壤剖面空间分异范围分别为:土壤pH值5.97～6.89,有机质含量6.6～50.1 g·kg-1,土壤全N含量0.5～3.8 g·kg-1,碱解N含量33.6～257.3 mg·kg-1,速效P含量0.81～5.8 mg·kg-1,速效K含量38.9～262.4 mg·kg-1,粘粒含量11.3%～18.1%,阳离子代换量68.5～310.2 mmol·kg-1;其空间分异程度以速效P、有机质和土壤全N含量较大,土壤粘粒含量和土壤pH值较小;随着土层的加深,土壤pH值、有机质、速效P、土壤粘粒含量和阳离子代换量空间分异程度减小,而土壤全N、碱解N和速效K含量空间分异程度增大.土壤速效K、速效P含量和阳离子代换量水平空间分异程度受海拔的影响较大,而土壤pH值和粘粒含量水平空间分异程度受海拔影响较小.随着海拔的升高,土壤pH值降低,有机质和速效P、K含量增大,土壤肥力空间分异程度减小,这可能与随着海拔升高人为干扰强度降低及林分类型趋向单一有关.     

绿竹种源含水率变异研究

分别年龄(1a、2a、3a)和地上部分不同器官(叶、枝、秆)及地下部分,对福建省不同绿竹种源在试验点的标准竹的含水率变化情况进行测定,结果表明:各绿竹种源的不同器官含水率有差异,漳州试点各器官(枝、秆)平均含水率均稍小于永安试点,而竹叶则漳州试点稍高于永安试点。不同年龄含水率变化趋势为随着年龄的增长,各器官含水率不同程度地下降。绝大多数种源地下部分含水率大于地上部分,其比值最高可达1.25倍(永安1a①号种源),少数略低于地上部分(永安3a④号、漳州3a③号种源等)。不同种源地下部分含水率的绝对值较接近,种源间差异较小。     

中国荷斯坦牛GlyCAM1基因遗传多态性的研究

以273头中国荷斯坦牛为研究对象,利用CRS—PCR、PCR—SSCP及DNA测序技术检测了GlyCAM1基因外显子3、内含子3的遗传多态性。结果表明：GlyCAM1基因分别在外显子3和内含子3的第2081（A／C）、2417（C／T）位存在突变,2个位点的等位基因频率A／B分别为0．7525,0．2475和0．9046,0．0954;经菇。适合性检验,中国荷斯坦牛内含子3的突变达到Hardy—Weinberg平衡状态（P〉0．05）,但其外显子3的突变未达到Hardy—Weinberg平衡状态（P〈0．05）。