羊草叶绿体非编码区多态性标记筛选及群体遗传多样性

为筛选多态性丰富的羊草叶绿体非编码区片段,本研究以9个不同地理位置的羊草居群为材料,通过对12个叶绿体非编码区DNA片段测序及其序列间变异分析试图从中找出有遗传差异的叶绿体DNA(cpDNA)片段,并利用有多态性的cpDNA片段进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,序列ndhF-rpl32、trnL-trnF、trnC-ycf6、aptI-aptH具有比较丰富的变异,可作为下一步研究野生羊草群体遗传学和谱系地理学较为理想的分子标记。在37个羊草个体4条非编码区片段的合并序列中,共检测到15种单倍型,单倍型多态性(Hd)为0.928,核苷酸多态性(Pi)为0.00101;遗传分化指数(Fst)为0.58884,基因流(Nm)为0.17,基因流较小;中性检验Tajima’s D(-1.08542)和Fu’s Fs(-5.301)均为负值,且差异不显著(P>0.10),推测羊草遵循中性进化理论,可能经历过种群扩张;AMOVA结果显示,65%的分子变异出现在居群间,35%出现在居群内;Mantel检验得到,遗传距离与地理距离具有显著相关性(r=0.449,P<0.05);居群分化值Nst 0.386(0.1865)大于Gst 0.234(0.1506),差异显著(P<0.05),表明羊草居群存在分子谱系地理结构。通过系统发育树分析得到,羊草15个单倍型分为两大分支,H2和H10聚为一支,它们与别的居群个体亲缘关系较远,其余单倍型聚为另一支;单倍型网络图显示,H2和H12、H10和H12亲缘关系较远,与系统发育树分析结果基本一致。本研究为羊草的种质资源保护、谱系地理学研究等工作奠定了基础。     

Innovative layer genetics to handle global challenges in egg production

1. In commercial layer breeding, extensive gene pools are tested and selected for market requirements which must be anticipated at least 5 years ahead. Field results confirm a continuous positive genetic trend in egg output and better feed efficiency which can be converted into land savings.

2. Animal welfare and cage-free housing dominate future needs of the market. Nesting behaviour and minimal tendency to develop feather-pecking or cannibalism without beak treatment are key trait complexes. Stronger shells for longer production cycles without moulting have to be combined with better bones.

3. No single big gene effect can be expected to control the multifactorial problem of feather-pecking. Adjusting the shape of the beak, with a heritability of .10–.25, can contribute to reducing the risk of severe cannibalism.

4. For better skeletal integrity, the assessment of bone quality in pedigree birds housed in enriched cages is done by keel bone palpation or ultrasound measurement of the humerus. Both traits show similar heritabilities in the range of .15–.30 and can be included in a balanced selection approach for performance, quality and welfare traits.

5. The combination of performance testing and genome-wide DNA marker analysis is a promising tool to generate more progress for a balanced performance and behaviour profile.     

Single step genomic evaluation for female fertility in Nordic Red dairy cattle

Joint Nordic (Denmark, Finland, Sweden) genetic evaluation of female fertility is currently based on the multiple trait multilactation animal model (BLUP). Here, single step genomic model (ssGBLUP) was applied for the Nordic Red dairy cattle fertility evaluation. The 11 traits comprised of nonreturn rate and days from first to last insemination in heifers and first three parities, and days from calving to first insemination in the first three parities. Traits had low heritabilities (0.015–0.04), but moderately high genetic correlations between the parities (0.60–0.88). Phenotypic data included 4,226,715 animals with records and pedigree 5,445,392 animals. Unknown parents were assigned into 332 phantom parent groups (PPG). In mixed model equations animals were associated with PPG effects through the pedigree or both the pedigree and genomic information. Genotype information of 46,914 SNPs was available for 33,969 animals in the pedigree. When PPG used pedigree information only, BLUP converged after 2,420 iterations whereas the ssGBLUP evaluation needed over ten thousand iterations. When the PPG effects were solved accounting both the pedigree and the genomic information, the ssGBLUP model converged after 2,406 iterations. Also, with the latter model breeding values by ssGBLUP and BLUP became more consistent and genetic trends followed each other well. Models were validated using forward prediction of the young bulls. Reliabilities and variance inflation of predicted genomic breeding values (values for parent averages in brackets) for the 11 traits ranged 0.22–0.31 (0.10–0.27) and 0.81–0.95 (0.83–1.06), respectively. The ssGBLUP model gave always higher validation reliabilities than BLUP, but largest increases were for the cow fertility traits.     

三江源区高寒草原土壤湿度变化特征及与气候因子的关系

利用青海省三江源区兴海县牧业气象站1999-2016年高寒草原土壤湿度、牧草生育期资料,分析了高寒草原土壤湿度的年、季变化特征以及牧草生长季不同生育期土壤湿度的变化特征及与气候因子的关系。结果表明:高寒草原0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40和40-50 cm土壤湿度均随年际延长呈增加趋势,春季除40-50 cm土层外,其他各层土壤湿度均随年际延长呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05)。高寒草原牧草生长季的土壤相对湿度随年际延长呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),且与生长季降水量之间呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。随着气候变化,牧草抽穗、开花、成熟和枯黄期的土壤相对湿度随年际延长呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05)。牧草抽穗期、枯黄和全生育期的土壤湿度与气温呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。高寒草原牧草生长季土壤湿度的增加有利于草地植被生长。     

水分条件对巴音布鲁克高寒湿地CO_2排放的影响

在新疆天山中部巴音布鲁克天鹅湖高寒湿地,以苔草(Carex tristachya)为主要建群种的样地为研究对象,利用英国PP-systems公司生产的便携式土壤呼吸测定系统(CIRAS-2-SRC)研究了不同地表水分条件对天鹅湖高寒湿地夏季土壤CO2排放的影响。结果表明,1)湿润区的生物量大于干燥区;干燥区土壤CO2排放高于湿润区,干燥区土壤CO2排放日变化曲线为单峰曲线,CO2排放最高点出现在当地14:00-16:00,最高值为1.185 0g CO2·m-2·h-1;湿润区土壤CO2排放日变化曲线为双峰曲线,两个峰值分别出现在12:00和16:00,最高值为1.024 0g CO2·m-2·h-1。2)不同水分条件下生物量中凋落物含量影响土壤CO2排放。土壤温度是CO2排放的主要限制因子,且地表干燥区CO2排放与土壤温度的相关性更显著(P0.01)。土壤湿度与CO2排放相关性不显著(P湿润区=0.997,P干燥区=0.409)。     

TRMM降水数据在省级尺度的应用研究——以辽宁省为例

利用1998年1月~2010年12月空间连续分布的TRMM卫星3B43月降水量资料,借助气候倾向率指数和GIS空间分析技术,以辽宁省为例,对TRMM数据在省级尺度的适用性进行验证,并对辽宁省近13年来降水时空分布及其变化特征进行定量化分析。结果表明,TRMM降水数据与观测数据之间的线性相关性很高,数据具有较高的精度;辽宁省年降水量主要为425~1 082 mm,且总体上表现为由全区东南向西北依次递减的趋势;年内降水主要集中在5~9月,该时期的降水量占全年降水总量的70%以上,其中,7月份的降水量最大,为全年降水量的20%,而2月份最小,不足全年降水量的2%,季节性变化明显;近13年间,辽宁省平均年降水量总体上呈增加趋势,但在夏季降水量呈现减少的趋势,其中辽西区和辽中区尤为明显,说明近13年来这些地区春夏连旱的现象比较严重。     

彭水县烟叶化学成分协调性不同年份间变异分析

为掌握重庆市彭水县烟叶协调性的时间变异特征,对2005—2014年上(B2F)、中(C3F)、下(X2F)部烟叶的协调性指标进行分析。结果表明:在彭水烟区烟叶钾氯比和两糖差变异系数较大,两糖比年度间变异最小,而其他化学成分含量的变异幅度在30%以内。从不同年份部位间变异来看,各化学成分及协调性指标均有逐渐稳定的趋势。从不同部位间对比来看,上部叶各化学成分协调性指标年度间变异总体上大于中、下部叶。     

网球体能训练重点的决策研究

为了能科学地确定训练的重点，为网球教练员和运动员训练决策提供依据。综合使用测试法、变异系数和TOPSIS法对浙江省现役网球运动员体能的测试数据进行处理。结果：男队训练重点排序为：力量、爆发力、灵敏、速度、耐力；同理，女队训练重点的排序为：力量、爆发力、灵敏、耐力、速度；最后对每位运动员亟待加强指标进行排序。结论：变异系数和TOPSIS法计算的结果简单明了，节省资源，适宜不同专项、不同训练指标的训练过程的有效监控。