德国黄牛改良南阳牛遗传育种研究进展

为了研究德国黄牛改良南阳牛遗传育种研究进展,本文综述了德国黄牛杂交改良南阳牛的历史进程,德国黄牛改良南阳牛杂交后代生产性能研究进展,并提出了德南牛产业化集群开发的合理化建议。     

PEG和NaCl胁迫对草木樨种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以筛选出的5份优异草木樨(Melilotus)种质PI595335、MO-LX04、PI595388、Ames19257和PI593234为材料,分别用不同渗透势的PEG(0、-0.3、-0.6、-0.9、~(-1).2、~(-1).5 MPa)及不同浓度的NaCl溶液(0、50、100、150、200、300mmol·L~(-1))模拟干旱和盐碱胁迫条件,采用纸上发芽法进行种子萌发试验,测定发芽率、发芽势、胚根幼苗长、发芽指数、活力指数等指标,并综合比较不同种质的抗旱及耐盐能力。结果表明,1)高渗透势(≥-0.3 MPa)的条件能不同程度地促进5份种质的萌发,对PI595335、MO-LX04、PI595388胚根和幼苗的生长有一定抑制作用,对Ames19257、PI593234胚根和幼苗的生长有显著的(P0.05)促进作用;而较低渗透势(≤-0.9 MPa)则显著抑制(P0.05)所有种子的萌发与幼苗生长。2)不同浓度的NaCl溶液对5份种质草木樨幼苗的生长均有显著的(P0.05)抑制作用,而低浓度的NaCl(≤100mmol·L~(-1))溶液能促进草木樨种子的萌发。3)用模糊数学隶属法综合评价结果显示,5份草木樨种质在种子萌发期抗旱性强弱为Ames19257PI593234MO-LX04PI595335PI595388,耐盐性强弱为PI593234Ames19257PI595388MO-LX04PI595335。其中Ames19257和PI593234在抗旱性和耐盐模拟试验中的表现均明显优于其它3份草木樨种质,更适于为今后杂交创制新种质提供遗传材料或在西北干旱、盐碱地区种植。     

Genetic parameters estimates for ewes’ behavioural reactivity towards their litter after lambing

In livestock, improving maternal reactivity towards the litter is an important issue in breeding strategies to promote production and animal welfare. As of yet, no studies have investigated the within-breed genetic variation of maternal reactivity in sheep. The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters of maternal reactivity traits. A total of 1,095 primiparous and 1,441 multiparous Romane ewes were phenotyped 24 hr postlambing using a behavioural test (arena test, AT) over a 10-year experimental period. The test consisted of three successive phases evaluating the ewe's attraction to her litter, reactivity to separation from her litter, and reactivity to a conflict between attraction to her litter and avoidance of a motionless human. The ewes were reared exclusively on rangelands (South of France) and lambed outdoors in the spring. High-pitched bleating and low-pitched bleating in the AT were mostly highly heritable (0.39‒0.46). Heritabilities were moderate for proximity to the litter in the presence of a human (0.27) and low for locomotion and vigilance in the AT (0.09‒0.15). The measurements of a given behaviour in the three phases of the AT were highly genetically correlated. Few genetic correlations were found between the different behavioural traits in the AT, the highest correlations being between high-pitched bleating and low-pitched bleating (−0.43 to −0.77). In conclusion, our findings demonstrate moderate-to-high heritability for maternal reactivity traits. These traits could be included in genetic selection schemes to enhance maternal attachment provided there is no unfavourable link with other production traits.     

Canine fertility: The consequences of selection for special traits

Pedigree dogs and cats are bred aiming to conform breed standards with very poor consideration for breeding stock fertility. At the same time, the genetic asset underlining reproductive traits could be effectively analysed like in other species under selection. The definition of selection targets is very important in breeding protocols determination. The aim of the present work is to present an overview of the different correlations between reproduction and genetics, starting from selection procedure and inbreeding coefficient moving to genomic and the application of SNPs and GWAS on population study and identification of genes involved in phenotypical variation of reproductive traits in dogs. Particular relevance has been given to the concept of inbreeding which effects on canine reproduction have been presented. The use of genomic information in inbreeding coefficient calculation can be considered an improved effective procedure in the evaluation of the genetic variability loss in canine population and its negative effects on reproductive traits.     

PA-X基因的长度变化对H3N2犬流感病毒复制能力和致病性的影响

H3N2犬流感病毒(canine influenza virus, CIV)已在中国多地的犬群中流行,是禽流感跨宿主感染并形成新分支的近期案例。研究表明,PA-X基因与甲型流感病毒适应新宿主的能力相关,且其长度能够影响甲型流感病毒的复制及致病能力。为了解PA-X基因的长度变化对H3N2 CIV复制能力及致病力的影响,本研究利用H3N2 CIV的8质粒操作系统,拯救了三株重组H3N2 CIV毒株：PA-X基因表达大小为232个氨基酸多肽的亲本病毒CIV＿PA-X＿232;对PA编码区第191、192位氨基酸的密码子进行改造,PA-X基因不表达蛋白的重组病毒CIV＿PA-X＿Knock;对PA+1编码区第232位氨基酸进行突变,PA-X基因表达大小为252个氨基酸多肽的重组病毒CIV＿PA-X＿252。通过比较3株重组病毒的聚合酶活性,在MDCK细胞中的复制效率及对小鼠致病性的差异,来评价表达不同长度的PA-X基因对H3N2 CIV的影响。结果显示,CIV＿PA-X＿252和CIV＿PA-X＿Knock的聚合酶活性显著(P<0.05)高于CIV＿PA-X＿232,且CIV＿PA-X＿...     

2018年中国部分地区猪瘟病毒2.1d亚型新流行株的基因组特征分析

为了解中国猪瘟病毒（classical swine fever virus,CSFV）的分子流行病学及遗传变异情况,本研究应用RT-PCR方法对2018年采集自河南、河北、山东、黑龙江和辽宁5个省份的350份疑似CSFV感染的病料进行E2和NS5B基因扩增,并对PCR产物进行测序和序列分析。结果显示,350份样品中21份为CSFV阳性,共获得14株CSFV的E2基因序列和7株CSFV的部分NS5B基因序列。E2全基因、NS5B部分基因序列分析表明,21份阳性样品均属于近年来在中国流行的CSFV 2.1d亚型,且新发现的2.1d亚型CSFV与中国较早2.1d亚型CSFV毒株间同源性差异不大,新发现的2.1d亚型CSFV分离株在E2基因的6个氨基酸（R³¹、S³⁴、W¹⁸²、K²⁰⁵、K³⁰³、A³³¹）上具有相同的分子特征,E2蛋白中15个位点上的半胱氨酸均未发生变异。韩国2.1d亚型CSFV在E2蛋白上具有3个独特的氨基酸（N⁹⁷、K¹⁵⁹、R²⁰⁵）特征,并且发现了韩国毒株YC11WB可能作为2.1b和2.1d亚型CSFV过渡毒株的证据,流行于中国和韩国的2.1d亚型CSFV可能分别来自于本国早期2.1b亚型CSFV的衍化。本研究证实,2018年中国及周边国家CSFV较为活跃,且流行毒株依然以2.1d亚型为主,为中国科学防控CSFV提供了依据。     

美国高校社会服务工作对我国高校草坪科学学科建设的启示

除了教学和科研工作外,大部分美国高校对农业类学科包括草坪学科的专业师资在职责要求方面还有重要的一项-"Extension",即社会服务。社会服务的工作量因人而异,但总体来看基本都做到了"分配到人";除了专业教师,学校对于学生也要求或鼓励其参与各类校内外拓展活动。这与我国高校教师社会服务(或专业拓展)工作,以及基于此提出的"产学研"等类似的工作模式都有较大不同。草坪科学是一门新兴的学科,应用性较强,知识生产和知识创新都离不开实践。因此从学术驱动的内因和大学的价值来讲,大学的社会服务工作是极其重要的。本文简略介绍美国高校草坪科学教师的社会服务工作情况,希望能够对我国的草坪科学学科建设以及师资组建和培养提供参考。     

植物蛋白对干酪凝乳特性的影响

研究3种植物蛋白对干酪凝乳特性的影响,从而选出1种最佳的植物蛋白.从3种干酪的凝乳特性(凝乳时间、凝乳强度、乳清OD值)和干酪凝块的质构特性(弹性、黏聚性、咀嚼性)2方面进行对比分析,并对干酪凝块的感官品质进行模糊评判.结果表明:添加豌豆蛋白制得的干酪品质优于其他两种.