Aerosol therapy in the equine species

Inhalation therapy plays an increasing role in the management of equine respiratory disorders. Thisalternative to systematic treatment permits a high concentration of medication to act locally while minimizing side effects and residues. In human medicine, literature in this field is prolific and continuously renewed, whereas in veterinary medicine, applications of aerosol therapy are less extensive. This review considers the principles of action of the different types of devices used for inhalation, i.e., nebulization, metered-dose inhalation and dry powder inhalation, describes the technical and practical requirements for their use in the equine species and considers the advantages and disadvantages of each inhalation device. The pharmacological agents currently administered to horses by inhalation are also discussed. Perspectives of aerosol therapy in the equine species, including aerosols already used in human medicine and their potential applications for horses are described.     

一种二元单亲演化差基因变异算法

设计了一种新的单亲遗传算法,该算法对个体和基因分别计算其适应值,并将适应值最差的基因 进行变异,从而大大提高了遗传算法的全局收敛速度。以n皇后问题为例,采用这种算法求解3000个皇 后问题所用时间平均约为55min,而求解100个皇后问题所用时间平均只有约124ms。实验表明,该算法 不仅能在短时内找到全局最优解(精确解),而且具有良好的稳定性。     

Application of Incremental Genetic RBF NN in Converter Vanadium Recover

Converter vanadium recover is a very sophisticate reaction which is diverse and non- line. From the point of view of statistics and reaction mechanism, it is difficult to build up end- point control static model. Aim at this problem, the paper puts forward a model identify method based on incremental genetic RBF neural network to build up such a model, which can perfectly resolve the problem of random selection of RBF cluster center number and sample data clustering. Furthermore, in order to ensure structure of neural network to fit with continuous incremental data set, the paper presents a method of incremental data dealing, which is applied to amend the parameters of neural network. Then the request of continuous production is satisfied. Finally the result of test shows that after adopting the algorithm, the error of result is less than before and end- point hitting ratio satisfies to ninety percent. These indicate the algorithm has the engineering practicability.     

鹅肥肝形成的分子机理研究进展

鹅肥肝同鲟鱼翅酱、黑菌(块菰)被西方人誉为世界三大美食珍品。本文综述了近来年鹅肥肝形成的生化机理。不同鹅种产肝性能差异的原因，可能在生化及分子标记方面的研究进展。     

湖南马尾松遗传改良现状与策略

在叙述湖南马尾松20多年来于马尾松群体遗传改良、马尾松优良家系定向选择、马尾松基因资源收集与种子园营建等方面所取得成绩的基础上，探讨了目前马尾松遗传改良所存在的问题，提出了今后一段时期湖南马尾松遗传改良策略。     

光敏核不育水稻选育与利用的几个问题讨论

对现有光敏核不育材料进行了分类,分为４种遗传类型;其中,温光弱感到光敏核不育系是最为理 想的遗传工具,并就其选育途径和选择“粳不籼恢”繁殖制种技术体系进行了论证．     

Contribution to the taxonomy and pathogenicity of fungicolous Verticillium species. II. Pathogenicity

In recent years in the Netherlands a second mushroom species,Agaricus bitorquis, which prefers higher temperatures thanA. bisporus and is less susceptible to certain diseases, is often commercially grown.Verticillium fungicola var.fungicola, the causal agent of dry bubble, is responsible for considerable damage in crops ofA. bisporus. InA. bitorquis, however, dry bubble has hardly been noticed, but brown spots due toV. fungicola var.aleophilum resulted in inferior mushroom quality. The latter variety also caused brown spots ina. bisporus, but to a minor degree. In variety Les Miz 60 ofA. bisporus, however, it also induced fruit-body deformation in a way different from dry bubble. Verticillium psalliotae, isolated fromA. bitorquis in England, induced more confluent brown spots inA. bitorquis. In the netherlands, where moreA. bitorquis is grown than in other countries,V. psalliotae has not yet been encountered in crops ofA. bitorquis. V. psalliotae, which has a high temperature optimum for mycelial growth, likeV. fungicola var.aleophilum andA. bitorquis, did not infectA. bisporus in our trials.Artificial infection ofA. bisporus orA. bitorquis could not be accomplished with the following related and/or fungicolous fungi:Verticillium lamellicola, V. fungicola var.flavidum, V. biguttatum, Nectriopsis tubariicola, Acremonium crotocinigenum andAphanocladium album.Samenvatting Vooral in Nederland wordt sinds een aantal jaren naastAgaricus bisporus ook de warmteminnende champignonsoortAgaricus bitorquis geteeld, die minder vatbaar is voor bepaalde ziekten. TerwijlVerticillium fungicola varfungicola in de teelt vanA. bisporus droge mollen en daardoor veel schade veroorzaakt, komen in de teelt vanA. bitorquis geen droge mollen voor maar wel bruine vlekken, die tot kwaliteitsverlies en dus schade leiden. De vlekken bleken veroorzaakt te worden doorV. fungicola var.aleophilum. Deze schimmel veroorzaakte ook inA. bisporus bruine vlekken, hoewel in minder ernstige mate, maar in het ras Les Miz 60 vanA. bisporus bovendien misvormde champignons, die wel op droge mollen leken, maar daaraan niet gelijk waren.OokV. psalliotae, in Engeland geïsoleerd vanA. bitorquis met vlekken, veroorzaakte wat meer samenvloeiende, bruine vlekken inA. bitorquis. In Nederland, waar meerA. bitorquis geteeld wordt dan in andere landen, isV. psalliotae nog niet aangetroffen in teelten vanA. bitorquis. InA. bisporus kon geen kunstmatige infectie worden verkregen metV. psalliotae, die net alsV. fungicola var.aleophilum enA. bitorquis warmteminnend genoemd zou kunnen worden.Met de volgendeVerticillium-achtige of van paddestoelen geïsoleerde schimmels kon evenmin op kunstmatige wijze een infectie worden opgeroepen inA. bisporus ofA. bitorquis: Verticillium lamellicola, V. fungicola var.flavidum, V. biguttatum, Nectriopsis tubariicola, Acremonium crotocinigenum enAphanocladium album.     

Genetic mapping and utilization of quantitative trichome-mediated insect resistance in potato

Introgression of trichome-mediated insect resistance from the wild speciesSolanum berthaultii has become a major focus of the potato improvement program at Cornell University during the past twelve years. Several quantitative characters are involved in this resistance which is effective against a wide range of pest types. Correlative biochemical assays have been developed to assay specific components of the resistance, and the effects of the resistance on the target pests have been studied. Quantitative laboratory assays and specific measurements of insect behavior and biology have increased the precision of selection and enable the investigation of the genetic control of the resistance.We are currently using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) for genetic mapping of factors controlling the trichome traits fromS. berthaultii. Backcrosses to both the wild and the cultivated species parents have been evaluated for phenotypes contributing to the resistance mechanism, including trichome density, sucrose ester and polyphenol oxidase production by the trichomes, and the enzymatic browning reaction responsible for insect entrapment. Genetic maps are being developed for these progenies, using RFLP markers previously mapped in potato. Field and greenhouse trials under insect infestations are also being conducted with the mapping progeny. Our goal is to locate genes responsible for quantitative insect resistance by correlating RFLP variation at mapped loci with the trichome phenotypes and insect resistance. Genetic markers for these traits will be useful in transfer of the effective wild chromosomal segments into and among tetraploid potatoes, and for a better understanding of the resistance mechanism.     

安徽省鸡免疫抑制性疾病的流行病学调查

采集了安徽省6个主要养鸡地区65群鸡的185只病鸡共986份组织样品，对可引起免疫抑制性疾病的5种最常见病毒进行了PCR检测。结果，传染性腔上囊病病毒（IBDV）、鸡传染性贫血病毒（CIAV）、马立克氏病病毒（MDV）、禽白血病病毒（ALV）和网状内皮增生症病毒（REV）的群阳性率和个体阳性率分别为73．08％和40．91％、46．15％和25．95％、41．54％和17．84％、18．46％和7．57％、13．85％和4．86％，其中被检鸡之二重或多重混合感染的总阳性率为24．33％。调查结果证实，免疫抑制性疾病在安徽省的商业鸡群中普遍存在，并与鸡群疾病多而复杂、损失大相关。