草坪病害及其防治

本文介绍草坪草常见侵染性病害（ 真菌、细菌、病毒和线虫病的致病病原） 和非侵染性病害,论述了草坪病害流行条件,强调预防为主的综合防治策略。     

遗传距离与利用微卫星进行系统树构建初探

以中国牛亚科家畜6个群体12对微卫星数据为基础,采用6种遗传距离（DA、DC、DS、DSW,（σμ）^2和DTL）和2种聚类方法（UPGMA和NJ法）,探索它们对系统树构建准确性的影响。结果表明：微卫星位点平均杂合度水平显著影响系统树构建的准确性,用DA和DC遗传距离构建的系统树准确性相对较高,但很难确定NJ法和UPGMA法哪一种更适合于系统树的构建,而DTL遗传距离用于系统树构建有待进一步完善;最后,对微卫星用于家畜系统树构建的有效性和局限性进行了探讨。     

改良扑杀策略的意义、制定与实施

本文对世界动物卫生组织（OIE）改良扑杀的定义进行了介绍,并进行了释义;又通过对美国口蹄疫应急策略中的3种改良扑杀政策原则的分析,阐述了该决策的选择和实施中需要考虑的因素;通过解读澳大利亚兽医应急预案（AUSVETPLAN）疾病防控策略中3种不同动物疫情防控中改良扑杀策略,分析了疫情特点对策略的选择和实施的影响;通过介绍越南禽流感等典型的改良扑杀策略的应用实例,说明了改良细节所需保障措施;综上得出改良扑杀策略是疫情控制和根除的优选策略之一的结论,提出了我国制定和实施改良扑杀政策的建议。     

四川白三叶根瘤菌遗传多样性及系统发育研究

为阐明四川部分地区野生白三叶根瘤菌的遗传多样性及系统发育地位,对分离自四川雅安、康定、泸定、西昌、成都和乐山6个地区白三叶根瘤的69株菌进行系统研究。采用16S rDNA限制性片段长度多态性分析(restriction fragment length polymorphism, RFLP)和16S rDNA基因、持家基因(recA、atpD、glnII)、结瘤基因(nodC)、固氮基因(nifH)系统发育分析的方法进行了研究。结果表明,16S rDNA PCR-RFLP中所有供试菌株产生了4种酶切图谱类型,表现出较为丰富的遗传多样性。持家基因与16S rDNA基因系统发育分析结果基本一致,9株代表菌株主要分布在α-变形菌纲(Alpha-Proteobacteria)的根瘤菌属(Rhizobium),并与豌豆根瘤菌三叶草生物型(R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii) ATCC 14480^T的亲缘关系较近。PCR可扩增出nodC和nifH基因片段,但从属于土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium)的菌株LS1105中则扩增不出这两个基因。所有供试菌株被鉴定到了种的水平,证实了68株为白三叶根瘤菌,并通过不同采样地点菌株之间的比较,发现白三叶与根瘤菌的共生关系因地理分布不同而具有多样性,对于丰富白三叶根瘤菌资源及其开发利用具有重要意义。     

Mycosis in the stomach compartments of cattle

During a period of 22 months, 9.7% (23 out of 238) of the cattle necropsied at the Department of Veterinary Pathology had mycotic affections in the stomach compartments. The various stomach compartments were affected in the following pattern: omasum: 15 cases, rumen: 10 cases, reticulum: 8 cases and abomasum: 6 cases. In 5 of the animals mycotic affection was also found in other organs of which the liver was most often involved. Out of the 23 cases described, a primary diagnosis of mycosis was only established in 5 cases. In the remaining 18 cases the mycotic infection was regarded as being of a minor importance in the total necropsy result. Macroscopically and histologically the mycotic processes could be grouped into acute, subacute or chronic affections. In 20 cases only one type of inflammation was present, in the remaining cases combinations were found. Identification of the infective agent was performed by immunological staining of hyphal structures in tissue sections. Members of the Zygomycetes were found to predominate as causative fungi. Aspergillus fumigatus was found to have a propensity for infecting the terminal gastric compartments, whereas the Zygomycetes were found regularly in all compartments. Candida spp. were only found in 1 case. Predisposing factors for developing systemic mycosis are discussed. Among these especially the use of antimicrobial drugs, other diseases, metabolic disturbances and stressors in the post parturient period seem to be important.     

COMPARATIVE ORGAN IMAGING: THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

Diagnostic radiology of the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, mesentery, and pancreas is reviewed. Survey and contrast radiography remain the principal imaging methods used to evaluate gastrointestinal diseases in animals. Of the other imaging techniques, scintigraphy has potential in assessment of esophageal and gastric motility disorders, and detection of intestinal hemorrhage. Ultrasonography is useful for imaging the pancreas and gastrointestinal mass lesions.     

鲁烟Ⅰ号防治主要蚕病技术的研究

为取代治疗真菌病防僵药物、治疗细菌病抗生素类药物及防治蚕病,笔者研制了蚕业消毒新药——鲁烟Ⅰ号。经中试,鲁烟Ⅰ号对家蚕病毒、真菌、细菌等主要蚕病的病源具有很好的杀灭效果,用鲁烟Ⅰ号作为防治主要蚕病的药物,取代了传统养蚕中的多种药物,用药方便,取得了良好的效果。     

28株牛源分枝杆菌的耐药基因突变分析

为明确分离自宁夏、甘肃和新疆地区的28株牛源分枝杆菌的耐药基因突变情况,通过采用16S rRNA、MPT64和多位点PCR方法进行基因分型鉴定,L-J比例法对其进行药敏试验,随后用DNA测序技术对10株耐药菌和4株敏感菌进行耐药基因检测及突变分析。分型鉴定结果表明,28株分离株均属于结核分枝杆菌复合群(MTBC),其中26株为牛分枝杆菌,2株为人型结核分枝杆菌。药敏试验结果表明,28株MTBC中18株对4种一线抗结核药物敏感,10株耐药。耐药菌株中,1株对利福平耐药;7株对异烟肼、利福平和链霉素三重耐药;2株对异烟肼、利福平、链霉素和乙胺丁醇四重耐药。耐药基因突变位点分析结果表明,rpoB 378位点的突变率为10.0%;katG 463位点的突变率为100.0%;rrs 311位点的突变率为11.1%;embB 378位点的突变率为100.0%;oxyR-ahpC和rpsL位点无突变。提示宁夏、甘肃和新疆地区奶牛场中MTBC主要以牛分枝杆菌为主,且存在耐多药情况,耐药突变位点以katG 463和embB 378为主。     

基于线粒体基因的新疆托氏兔遗传多样性和种群遗传结构评价

旨在利用线粒体基因测序方法评价新疆托氏兔的遗传多样性水平,并探究亚种间的遗传结构.本研究通过PCR扩增及测序技术,获得来自新疆北部、西北部以及中东部地区的共计78例新疆托氏兔线粒体DNA的CO1和D-LOOP基因序列,并采用生物信息学的方法进行数据分析.结果 表明,78个新疆托氏兔样本的合并序列共定义了68种单倍型,新...