设施栽培中‘春捷’桃糖积累与相关酶活性的变化

 以设施栽培中‘春捷’桃为试材, 研究了其果实发育过程中糖积累与蔗糖代谢相关酶- 酸性转化酶(A I) 、中性转化酶(N I) 、蔗糖合成酶( SS) 及蔗糖磷酸合成酶( SPS) 活性的关系。结果表明:果实发育早期, 果实中的可溶性糖主要是还原糖; 中后期, 还原糖维持在相对较低的水平, 非还原糖大量积累。在整个发育过程中, 蔗糖持续积累, 尤其在成熟期急剧增加, 而果糖和葡萄糖含量在果实发育前期呈下降趋势, 中后期维持在一个相对较低的水平。A I、N I在果实发育前期活性最强, 之后迅速下降, 中后期维持在较低水平; SS在果实发育前期分解方向活性很强, 后期以合成方向为主, 并在果实成熟期保持较高水平; 在果实发育过程中SPS活性呈上升趋势, 但上升幅度较小。葡萄糖含量与A I、N I、SS-h活性显著正相关; 果糖含量与A I、SS-h显著正相关; 蔗糖含量与SS-s活性显著正相关, 与SPS不相关。     

RESPONSE OF FRIJOLILLO RHYNCHOSIA MINIMA (L) DC. TO SUPPLEMENTARY PHOSPHORUS WITH THREE SOIL MOISTURE CONDITIONS: II. SOLUTE ACCUMULATION

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of induced drought conditions and phosphorous (P) application on osmotic adjustment as reflected in the accumulation of organic solutes in the leaves of frijolillo. The experiment took place under greenhouse conditions without climate control. Plastic containers were used measuring 20 cm high × 15 cm in diameter. In each container, five plants were evaluated from emergence to vegetative growth phase. Three soil moisture regimes were evaluated (25%, 50%, and 100% of field capacity) combined with four concentrations of phosphorous (0, 50,100 and 150 mg kg^?1 of soil). A completely randomized block design with a factorial arrangement of 3×4 with four replications was used. The cellular osmotic adjustment as a response to drought stress in frijolillo was associated with the accumulation of sugars, amino acids and proline in that higher concentrations than the control were measured with moisture at 25%. Concentrations of chlorophyll and carotene increased as soil moisture levels decreased.     

Corn-soybean intercropping and nitrogen rates affected crop nitrogen and carbon uptake and C:N ratio in upland red soil

The objective of this research was to determine the effect of corn-soybean intercropping and nitrogen rates on crop biomass, nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) accumulation, and crop C:N ratio in upland red soil. Crop dry matter yields, nitrogen and carbon contents (including grain, straw and root) were measured. Compared with sole corn, corn dry matter yield and carbon accumulation decreased in intercropped soybean. Intercropping decreased the corn C:N ratio, whereas it increased soybean C:N ratio. Nitrogen application significantly increased corn yield, nitrogen and carbon accumulation, but reduced those of soybean. Nitrogen application decreased corn straw C:N ratio and increased soybean straw C:N ratio in most intercropping systems. In conclusion, intercropping and nitrogen rates affected the growth of corn and soybean, changed the allocations of nitrogen and carbon, and altered C:N ratios in different parts of the crops.     

A solid‐phase buffer technique to maintain low concentrations of phosphate in nutrient solutions

An inexpensive and mechanically simple technique has been developed to maintain realistically low P concentrations in nutrient solutions using a solid‐phase buffer. Phosphate is adsorbed on alumina in a PVC column, and the resulting alumina‐F is desorbed against nutrient solution circulated through the column. Kinetics of P adsorption and desorption indicate that the solid‐phase‐P has rapidly and slowly desorbing components and that buffering capacity is limited by desorption from the solid phase. The technique has been used to maintain F concentrations as low as 0.4 minol m^‐3 for 26 days in experiments with maize (Zea mays L.), and in solution cultures with prune (Prunus domestica L.) trees. Effects of P supply on P accumulation and P transport are discussed.     

Bragg soybeans grown on a southern coastal plain soil III. Seasonal changes in nodal Fe,Zn, and Mn concentrations

Determinate soybean [Glyclne max (L.) Merr.] has been characterized by few detailed micronutrlent partitioning studies. Knowledge of the variation in mlcronutrient concentrations with plant part, nodal position, and plant age is needed for a better understanding of plant functions. In this field study, ‘Bragg’ soybean were grown on an Aquic Paleudult soil (Series Goldsboro loamy sand). Plants were sampled at 10–14 day intervals beginning 44 days after planting (July 7) until harvest. Maximum observed Fe concentrations were 152, 276, 259, and 191 ppm for stem internodes, petioles (+ branches), leaf blades, and pods, respectively. Maximum observed Zn concentrations were 118, 91, 95, and 112 ppm for the same respective plant parts. Maximum observed Mn concentrations were 41, 73, 134, and 63 ppm for the same respective plant parts. Nodal and temporal mean concentra tlons of Fe, Zn, and Mn generally varied considerably due to plant age and nodal position, respectively, in all plant parts. These data document that for plant analysis, mean concentrations of elements in all four plant parts can vary by several fold depending upon plant age and nodal composition of the sample. Regression equations and associated response surfaces will be extremely useful in the development of accurate plant growth models which describe Fe, Zn, and Mn concentrations and translocations among parts of determinate soybean.     

EFFECT OF MIXED-SALT SALINITY ON GROWTH AND ION RELATIONS OF A QUINOA AND A WHEAT VARIETY

ABSTRACT

Salinity is among the most widespread and prevalent problems in irrigated agriculture. Many members of the family Chenopodiaceae are classified as salt tolerant. One member of this family, which is of increasing interest, is quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) which is able to grow on poorer soils. Salinity sensitivity studies of quinoa were conducted in the greenhouse on the cultivar, “Andean Hybrid” to determine if quinoa had useful mechanisms for salt tolerant studies. For salt treatment we used a salinity composition that would occur in a typical soil in the San Joaquin Valley of California using drainage waters for irrigation. Salinity treatments (EC_i ) ranging from 3, 7, 11, to 19?dS?m^?1 were achieved by adding MgSO₄, Na₂SO₄, NaCl, and CaCl₂ to the base nutrient solution. These salts were added incrementally over a four-day period to avoid osmotic shock to the seedlings. The base nutrient solution without added salt served as the non-saline control solution (3?dS?m^?1). Solution pH was uncontrolled and ranged from 7.7 to 8.0. For comparative purposes, we also examined Yecora Rojo, a semi-dwarf wheat, Triticum aestivum L. With respect to salinity effects on growth in quinoa, we found no significant reduction in plant height or fresh weight until the electrical conductivity exceeded 11?dS?m^?1. The growth was characteristic of a halophyte with a significant increase in leaf area at 11?dS?m^?1 as compared with 3?dS?m^?1 controls. As to wheat, plant fresh and dry weight, canopy height, and leaf area did not differ between controls (3?dS?m^?1) and plants grown at 7?dS?m^?1. Beyond this threshold, however, plant growth declined. While both quinoa and wheat exhibited increasing Na⁺ accumulation with increasing salinity levels, the percentage increase was greater in wheat. Examination of ion ratios indicated that K⁺:Na⁺ ratio decreased with increasing salinity in both species. The decrease was more dramatic in wheat. A similar observation was also made with respect to the Ca²⁺:Na⁺ ratios. However, a difference between the two species was found with respect to changes in the level of K⁺ in the plant. In quinoa, leaf K⁺ levels measured at 19?dS?m^?1 had decreased by only 7% compared with controls. Stem K⁺ levels were not significantly affected. In wheat, shoot K⁺ levels had decreased by almost 40% at 19?dS?m^?1. Correlated with these findings, we measured no change in the K⁺:Na⁺ selectivity with increasing salinity in quinoa leaves and only a small increase in stems. In wheat however, K⁺:Na⁺ selectivity at 3?dS?m^?1 was much higher than in quinoa and decreased significantly across the four salinity levels tested. A similar situation was also noted with Ca²⁺:Na⁺ selectivity. We concluded that the greater salt tolerance found in quinoa relative to wheat may be due to a variety of mechanisms.     

Plant Response to Copper Toxicity as Affected by Plant Species and Soil Type

ABSTRACT

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the bioavailability of copper (Cu) in clay loam and sandy clay loam soil. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) were grown in pots for 45 d. When mature, plants were treated for 15 additional days with 0, 100, 250, 500, or 1000 mg Cu kg^?1 as CuSO₄·5H₂O. After harvest, Cu in soils and plant tissues was determined. In soils, applied Cu raised total and EDTA-extractible Cu. Results also revealed that the amounts of Cu extracted from sandy clay loam soil (80%) were higher than those extracted from clay loam soil (70%). In plants, increasing soil Cu concentration increased plant concentration of the metal. Plant species vary in their capacity for Cu accumulation: Lettuce has a relatively higher potential for Cu uptake and translocation than does spinach. Cu accumulation also differs among plant organs. In lettuce, metal accumulation is higher in roots than in shoots, where 60% to 80% of the total Cu of the plant is located in the roots. However, in spinach, there is no significant difference in Cu content between roots and shoots. The transfer of the metal from soil to plant is higher for plants grown on sandy clay loam soil. For a given rate of applied Cu, metal content in plant tissues is higher on sandy clay loam soil due to its higher transfer coefficient (C_T) from soil to plant. Nevertheless, all crops studied showed a positive linear relationship between extractible soil Cu and plant Cu.     

红壤丘陵区生猪规模化养殖及其对土壤与水环境的影响——以江西省余江县为例

以南方红壤丘陵典型地区——江西省余江县为案例,研究了规模化养猪业发展现状及其对周边土壤和水环境的影响.结果表明,余江县2011年389家规模化养猪场出栏73.2万头,其中年出栏1 000～5 000头的猪场占规模化猪场总数50.6％.规模化猪场主要分布在中南部的低丘缓岗地带,尤其集中分布于320国道沿线.全县规模化养猪的粪、尿、污水年产生量分别约为2.96×105 t、4.64×105 t、1.09×106 t,COD、N、P、Cu、Zn污染物年排放量分别为1.96×104t、3.27 × 103t、1.25×103t、50 t和116 t.据估算全县110万头生猪养殖的粪、尿、污水年产生量分别约为4.47×105t、7.00×105 t和1.09×106t,COD、N、P、Cu、Zn污染物年排放量分别为2.96×104 t、4.94×103 t、1.89×103t、76 t和176 t.以总氮为指标,规模化猪场周边采样水体有90.9％山塘、66.6％水库、50％河流的水体水质属于劣Ⅴ类;土壤养分严重失衡,速效磷过量积累,重金属Cu、Zn在土壤中也有明显积累.因此,应加强区域生猪养殖业发展规划及规模养猪粪污无害化、资源化循环利用技术研究,以促进红壤丘陵区规模养殖业健康发展与生态环境保护.     

不同镉处理对两种生态型水蜈蚣镉富集特性的影响

采用室内盆栽试验,研究了在不同浓度cd处理下,两种生态型水蜈蚣的生长和对cd的吸收和富集特性。结果表明：（1）在2mg·kg^-1Cd处理时,Cd对两种生态型水蜈蚣生物量的影响较小。之后随着cd处理浓度的增加,两种生态型水蜈蚣生物量均呈降低的趋势,且差异显著。在200mg·kg^-1Cd处理时,矿山生态型水蜈蚣死亡,而非矿山生态型仍能维持一定生长,表现出较强的cd耐性。（2）在高浓度cd处理下,非矿山生态型水蜈蚣比矿山生态型具有更强的Cd富集能力。在2、10、50mg·kg^-1Cd处理时,两种生态型水蜈蚣Cd含量和积累量均呈增加的趋势。在200mg·kg^-1Cd处理时,非矿山生态型水蜈蚣地上部和地下部Cd含量分别达到498．66mg·kg^-1和1016．09mg·kg^-1,积累量分别为86．00μg·pot^-1和123．82μg·pot^-1,具有较强的cd富集能力。（3）在不同浓度Cd处理下,两种生态型水蜈蚣地上部富集系数均大于1,表现出较强的cd富集能力;矿山生态型水蜈蚣转移系数最大值为0．55,非矿山生态型为0．53。两种生态型水蜈蚣对cd均有一定的富集特性,而在高浓度Cd处理时非矿山生态型水蜈蚣的cd富集能力更强。     

芦蒿对Cd积累与转运的基因型差异研究

为保障芦蒿作为茎叶菜食用的安全性,通过温室盆栽试验,研究了4种芦蒿对cd积累与转运的基因型差异。结果表明,同-Cd处理水平下4种芦蒿品种干物重变化差异显著（P〈0．05）,且随着cd处理水平的增加4种芦蒿品种干物重均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在100mg·kg-1时达到最大。随着土壤Cd处理浓度的增大,4种芦蒿叶片抗氧化酶活性呈现先上升后下降的趋势,且伏秋芦蒿和白芦蒿抗氧化酶活性下降幅度大于大叶青芦蒿和青白芦蒿。4种芦蒿基因型可食部分（茎）Cd含量、富集系数（BFs）和转运系数（TFs）存在显著的品种差异（P〈0．05）,且富集系数均大于1．0。当土壤Cd浓度超过0．5mg·kg。时,芦蒿茎中Cd含量均超过无公害蔬菜安全要求,说明该土壤已不适宜种植芦蒿,当土壤Cd含量略高于自然背景值时,则可以选择伏秋芦蒿。