昆虫肠道微生物的研究进展

随着微生物鉴定技术和悉生昆虫培养方法的研究发展,昆虫肠道微生物的研究也进入了一个新的时期.昆虫肠道微生物的研究将有害昆虫的防治引入了一个新的防治途径--利用对肠道微生物的改造和控制来防治有害昆虫.     

鲵鱼消化道细菌群落结构及多样性初步研究

采用常规分离纯化与构建16S rDNA克隆文库相结合的方法对（鲵）鱼（Miichthys miiuy）消化道细菌多样性进行了初步研究.结果表明,（鲵）鱼消化道各部位可培养细菌的菌落数量从大到小依次为前肠＞幽门胃＞中肠＞后肠＞前胃＞后胃＞口咽腔,其中肠道部位菌落数量最多.分离细菌菌株主要为杆状细菌和革兰氏阴性菌,对其中的50株典型菌株进行分子鉴定,发现它们主要属于变形菌门的γ-变形菌纲（占52.7％）和β-变形菌纲（占36.8％）,以及厚壁菌门的芽孢杆菌纲（占10.5％）;不可培养细菌16S rDNA文库克隆子主要属于γ-变形菌纲、α-变形菌纲和脱铁杆菌纲,部分序列与已报道的物种相似性较低,说明消化道中可能存在新的有待开发的肠道菌株.     

胎生蜥蜴消化道4种内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学研究

为了探索胎生蜥蜴消化道内分泌细胞的形态与分布规律。应用胃泌素(Gas)、胰高血糖素(Glu)、胰多肽(PP)和P-物质(SP) 4种特异性抗血清,对胎生蜥蜴(Lacerta vivipara)消化道内分泌细胞进行了免疫组织化学定位研究和形态学观察。用免疫组织化学ABC法(avidin-biotin compex method)以揭示其消化道内分泌细胞的分布规律及特点。结果表明：Gas细胞分布在贲门、幽门和小肠,其中以十二指肠处分布密度最高,贲门次之。Glu细胞主要分布在幽门和小肠前段,小肠后段偶见,并且幽门处的分布密度明显高于其他部位。在幽门、十二指肠和回肠都检测到了PP细胞,并且在十二指肠分布最多。仅在幽门部检测到了少量的SP细胞。4种内分泌细胞以圆形和锥体形为主,它们广泛分布于上皮细胞之间、腺泡上皮细胞之间及上皮细胞基部。上述内分泌细胞的分布特点可能与其食性、食物组成和生活环境有关。     

Enzymes from the gut bacteria of Atlantic cod,Gadus morhua and their influence on intestinal enzyme activity

Gut‐associated bacteria of fish are known to produce enzymes which aid in digestion. The presence and activities of these bacteria in cold‐water fishes like Atlantic cod are less known. Therefore, we have characterized the activities of extracellular enzymes of GP21 (Pseudomonas sp.) and GP12 (Psychrobacter sp.), two bacteria isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of Atlantic cod. Additionally, we examined if these bacteria when delivered through feeds could influence the activity of selected intestinal enzymes. GP21 was able to produce amylase, chitinase, cellulase and protease, whereas GP12 could produce only chitinase and protease. These enzymes were produced extracellularly and they were found to be catalytically active at acidic conditions (pH 2–5) and at temperatures ranging from 15 to 30 °C. Orally delivered bacteria could possibly influence the activity of intestinal enzymes after 40 days, rather than after 20 days of feeding. Thus GP21 and GP12, the potential probiotic organisms, could support digestion in Atlantic cod.     

苦参碱对低钾致兔左心室流出道细胞电生理异常保护作用及其机制

目的探讨苦参碱对低钾致兔左心室流出道细胞电生理异常保护作用及其机制.方法应用常规玻璃微电极细胞内记录技术,观察正常灌流液、低钾灌流液、低钾＋苦参碱（50μmol/L）灌流液对兔左心室流出道慢反应自律细胞最大舒张电位（MDP）,动作电位0相幅值（APA）,50%复极化时间（APD50）,90%复极化时间（APD90）,4...     

蛋氨酸水平对羔羊体况发育、消化道组织形态及血清抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究蛋氨酸水平对羔羊体况发育、消化道组织形态及血清抗氧化指标的影响。试验选取12对7日龄断母乳的湖羊双胞胎公羔,采用配对试验设计,分为对照(CON)组和低蛋氨酸(LM)组,1对双胞胎羔羊分到不同的组中。试验分2个阶段进行,第1阶段(8~56日龄),CON组羔羊饲喂基础代乳粉和基础开食料;LM组羔羊饲喂的代乳粉和开食料在CON组基础上分别全部扣除(0.70%和0.40%)额外添加的蛋氨酸,其余营养水平保持一致。第2阶段(57~84日龄),2组羔羊停止饲喂代乳粉且饲粮均为基础开食料。在56和84日龄,各选取6对双胞胎羔羊进行屠宰,分离消化道组织,采集血清样品。结果表明:1)在采食量方面,LM组羔羊对蛋氨酸采食量在8~56日龄、8~84日龄阶段均极显著低于CON组(P0.01),而干物质采食量却均显著高于CON组(P0.05);在体尺指标方面,56日龄,LM组除体重、体斜长、胸围和体长指数显著低于CON组(P0.05)外,其他体况发育指标2组间均无显著性差异(P0.05);84日龄,2组间体况发育指标均无显著性差异(P0.05)。2)56日龄,LM组羔羊的瘤胃乳头宽度显著低于CON组(P0.05),2组羔羊的其他消化道形态发育指标差异不显著(P0.05)。3)56日龄,LM组羔羊血清中超氧化物歧化酶活性极显著低于CON组(P0.01);84日龄,LM组羔羊血清中除谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著低于CON组(P0.05)外,2组羔羊的其他血清抗氧化指标差异均不显著(P0.05)。结果提示,饲粮低蛋氨酸水平抑制了羔羊体况(体重、体斜长、胸围、体长指数)发育及瘤胃乳头宽度的增加,同时降低了机体血清中超氧化物歧化酶活性,然而却提高了干物质采食量;提高饲粮蛋氨酸水平后,羔羊体况发育及消化道组织形态发育也随之得到补偿,但机体抗氧化防御系统仍未得到完全改善。     

Effects of dietary supplementation of Acanthopanax senticosus on gastrointestinal tract development in calves

Twenty‐four newborn Holstein dairy male calves (with initial body weight of 38 ± 3.0 kg) were used in a randomized block design experiment to determine effects of dietary supplementation of Acanthopanax senticosus (AS) on gastrointestinal tract development. Calves were fed milk (10%/body weight) three times at 06.00, 12.00 and 18.00 hours daily with one to four treatments during the experimental periods (4 to 28 days): no supplementation of AS (control group, CG); 1.0 g/L?time of micro‐powder AS (MP); 1.0 g/L?time of superfine powder AS (SP); or 1.0 g/L?time of coarse powder AS (CP). On days 7, 14, 21 and 28, 20 mL blood samples were collected at 06.00 hours before the morning feeding. At the end of the trial (28 days), all calves were euthanized, and tissue samples were taken and placed in 4% buffered formaldehyde for analyses. In the rumen of MP treatment, compared with the CG treatment, wall thickness and papillae diameter was both significantly lower (P <0.05), while crypt depth was significantly greater (P <0.05). In the duodenum, villi diameter of AS supplemented treatments was significantly lower than that of CG treatment (P <0.05) . Results indicate that calves during sucking period supplemented with AS as MP style could promote gastrointestinal development.     

Effect of soybean husk supplementation on the fecal fermentation metabolites and microbiota of dogs

In vitro fermentation and in vivo feeding experiments were conducted to characterize the effects of soybean (Glycine max) husk on the fecal fermentation metabolites and microbiota of dogs. An in vitro fermentation study using feces from three Toy Poodle dogs (6.5 ± 3.5 months in age and 2.9 ± 0.4 kg in body weight) revealed that the fecal inoculum was able to ferment soybean husk (supplemented at 0.01 g/mL culture) and increased levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and Bifidobacterium, irrespective of pre‐digestion of the husk by pepsin and pancreatin. In a feeding experiment, four Shiba dogs (7–48 months in age and 7.5 ± 1.7 kg in body weight) fed a commercial diet supplemented with 5.6% soybean husk showed an increase in SCFA, such as acetate and butyrate, and lactate, and a decrease in indole and skatole in the feces compared to those fed a 5.6% cellulose diet. Real‐time PCR assay showed that soybean husk supplementation stimulated the growth of lactobacilli, Clostridium cluster IV including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Bacteroides‐Prevotella‐Porphyromonas group but inhibited the growth of Clostridium cluster XI. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that soybean husk supplementation improves gastrointestinal health through optimization of beneficial organic acid production and increase of beneficial bacteria. Therefore, soybean husk is suggested to be applicable as a functional fiber in the formulation of canine diets.     

A retrospective evaluation of lomustine (CeeNU) in 32 treatment naïve cats with intermediate to large cell gastrointestinal lymphoma (2006–2013)

Multi‐drug chemotherapy protocols for feline lymphoma have demonstrated variable efficacy and tolerability. In phase I trials, lomustine has demonstrated efficacy for cats with lymphoma though its use for treatment naïve feline intermediate/large cell gastrointestinal (GI) lymphoma remains unknown. This study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of lomustine for the treatment of feline GI lymphoma. Thirty‐two cats with histologically or cytologically confirmed intermediate/large cell GI lymphoma were evaluated retrospectively. Factors assessed included clinical signs, hematologic/biochemical parameters and use of l ‐asparaginase at induction. A response rate of 50% (16/32), with median duration of response of 302 days (range 64–1450 days), was found. Median progression‐free interval was 132 days (range 31–1450 days), with overall median survival time of 108 days (range 4–1488 days). History of hyporexia, presence of anaemia and dose of lomustine were significantly associated with progression‐free survival. Overall, lomustine is a well‐tolerated and effective treatment for feline GI lymphoma.