Squamous gastric ulceration complicated by gastric stenosis in a foal

A 2-month-old Warmblood colt presented with recurrent colic and regurgitation. Gastroscopy, performed on several occasions, and barium-contrast radiography revealed severe squamous gastric ulceration and stenosis at the level of the margo plicatus. Treatment with omeprazole reduced the extent and severity of the gastric ulcers but did not affect the stenosis. The foal was euthanised because of a poor prognosis, and post-mortem examination confirmed the clinical diagnosis. Severe squamous gastric ulceration, granulation tissue formation and cicatrisation of deep gastric lesions were considered to have caused the stenosis. Gastroduodenal outflow obstruction is a recognised disorder in foals, but stenosis at the level of the margo plicatus has not been reported in foals or adult horses. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of severe squamous gastric ulceration, complicated by stenosis at the level of the margo plicatus, in a foal. Although rare, gastric stenosis should be considered in foals suffering recurrent colic and regurgitation.     

The effect of porcine hydrolysed collagen on gastric ulcer scores,gastric juice pH,gastrin and amino acid concentrations in horses

Gastric ulcers are common in horses. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of porcine hydrolysed collagen (PHC) on gastric ulcer scores and gastric juice pH in horses. We hypothesise that PHC-administration will result in improved gastric lesion scores and act synergistically with omeprazole to improve treatment efficacy. Thoroughbred horses (n = 10) were studied in a 2-period, 2-treatment crossover design, where the PHC (45 g) was administered twice daily. Horses were treated for 56 days. Gastroscopy was performed and gastric juice pH measured on Days 0, 14, 28, 42, 49 and 56. Nonglandular gastric ulcer number (NGN) and severity (NGS) and glandular ulcer number (GN) and glandular severity (GS) scores were assigned by an investigator masked to treatment and serum gastrin and amino acid concentrations. By Day 42, 2 weeks after discontinuing omeprazole treatment, NGN and NGS scores returned to pretreatment values and serum gastrin was higher when compared to values measured on Day 28. By Day 49, after the feed-deprivation period, NGN and NGS were similar to pretreatment values. By Day 56, mean NGN score was significantly lower in PHC-treated horses, compared to controls. Mean gastric juice pH significantly increased in both groups on Day 28 and the pH was significantly (P = 0.0127) higher in the PHC-treated horses. Serum amino acid concentrations were not significantly different 2 h after feeding PHC and hydroxyproline was not detected. Serum gastrin concentration did not increase 2 h after feeding in the PHC-fed horses. The PHC fed to horses enhanced the effects of omeprazole on increased gastric juice pH, inhibited gastrin secretion after feeding and resulted in fewer nonglandular ulcers after long-term feeding (56 days) in stall-confined horses undergoing intermittent feeding.     

Synthesis of new amino acid-type amphoteric surfactants from tall oil fatty acid

Two new amino acid-type amphoteric surfactants — disodiumN-(2-fatty acyl amino) ethyliminodiacetate and disodiumN-(2-fatty acyl amino) ethyl-N,N-bis[3-(2-hydroxy) propylsulfonate] amine — were synthesized using tall oil fatty acids as the raw material. Suitable processing conditions for synthesizing the intermediates and final products were probed. In addition, the chemical structures of the intermediates and the final products were identified by infrared spectroscopy, hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and elemental analysis.     

Synthesis of 1-hydroxyethyl-2-alkyl-2-imidazoline and its derivative sulfonate amphoteric surfactant from tall oil fatty acid

1-Hydroxyethyl-2-alkyl-2-imidazoline (HEAI) and its derivative sulfonate amphoteric surfactant were synthesized using tall oil fatty acid as the raw material. Suitable experimental conditions for synthesizing the intermediate and final products were probed. Their chemical structures were also investigated by means of infrared spectroscopy and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Based on the results of these analyses, it has been found that during the reaction process of HEAI with sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropane sulfonate under alkaline condition the imidazoline ring was hydrolyzed to amides, and the obtained amphoteric surfactant was actually a complex mixture of amides. An etherification reaction in the hydroxyethyl group was also observed when the HEAI/sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropane sulfonate molar ratio was more than 1:1.     

疏水改性羧甲基纤维素及其在废纸脱墨中的应用

以DMAc为溶剂,三乙胺为缚酸剂,十二酰氯为反应试剂,对羧甲基纤维素进行疏水改性,制备表面活性剂十二烷基酯化的羧甲基纤维素(CMC-R)。羧甲基纤维素与十二酰氯的质量比为1∶0.4,反应最佳温度为60℃,时间5 h。将合成的纤维素基表面活性剂CMC-R应用于旧新闻纸(ONP)脱墨,结果表明,单独使用CMC-R能提高废纸浆白度2.2%(ISO),纸浆的残余油墨量减少457.66 mm2/m2,减少了29.4%。而CMC-R与非离子表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(JFC)复配后,白度较CMC-R单独使用提高2.13%(ISO),残余油墨量减少3.18%。     

Cytotoxicity of surfactants to the FHM-sp cell line

Cytotoxicity of eight surfactants was determined by the neutral red assay with the fathead minnow (FHM)-sp cell line, a cell line in suspension culture from fish. The toxicity ranking of the surfactants was benzalkonium chloride > benzethonium chloride > sodium linear - dodecylbenzene–sulfonate (LAS) > potassium laurate > sodium dodecylsulfate > polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitan monolaurate > polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitan monooleate > betaine. The toxicity ranking of the surfactants classified into four groups based on the ion of the hydrophilic group was cationic surfactants > anionic surfactants > non-ionic surfactants > amphipathic surfactants. The FHM-sp cells, as well as the chinook salmon embryo (CHSE)-sp cells, could be inoculated directly to the microplate wells without dispersion by trypsin treatment of cell sheets at room temperature. Therefore, the cytotoxicity assay of the surfactants could be carried out quickly by using the FHM-sp cell line. The FHM-sp cell line had similar or higher sensitivity to sodium dodecylsulfate compared with several cell lines from mammals. The cytotoxicity assay could be shortened by the procedure exposing the surfactants to the FHM-sp cells before the cell monolayer formation in the microplate wells. To use the FHM-sp cell line as a screening tool prior to in vivo testing, studies on the correlation between in vivo data and in vitro data on the toxicity of surfactants are necessary.