Oxidants and antioxidants in disease: oxidative stress in farm animals

Important infectious diseases in farm animals, such as pneumonia and enteritis, are thought to be associated with the so-called oxidative stress, i.e. a chemical phenomenon involving an imbalance in the redox status of the individual animal. The specifics of oxidative stress and how it may result in disease or be prevented are complex questions with no simple answers. However, the considerable literature on the subject suggests that many researchers consider oxidative stress-related mechanisms to be important early events in disease development. A particularly intriguing aspect is that, at least theoretically, oxidative stress should be easily prevented with antioxidants yet the use of antioxidants as therapy remains controversial. The present knowledge on oxidative stress in farm animals is the topic of this review.     

脑室注射脑啡肽和纳洛酮对北京鸭胃酸分泌的影响

本实验观察了第三脑室注射甲硫氨酸脑啡肽和阿片受体阻断剂纳洛酮对北京鸭胃酸分泌的影响,结果表明：（１）将５μｌ脑啡肽（０．０７５ｇ／Ｌ）注入脑室后,北京鸭胃酸分泌明显抑制,且注药后２０ｍｉｎ抑制作用最为显著,（２）预先注射阿片受体阻断剂纳洛酮后,再注射同样剂量的脑啡肽,抑制胃酸分泌的现象消失,结果提示,脑室注射脑啡肽对胃酸分泌有抑制作用,此作用是通过作用于阿片受体而实现的。     

黄健玲教授治疗输卵管阻塞性不孕经验

黄健玲教授认为输卵管阻塞性不孕多因湿热、气滞、脾虚、寒湿、肾虚造成瘀阻胞络冲任而发病;临床中辨证论治、立法组方,采用中药内服,加以毛冬青灌肠、四黄水蜜外敷、中药包外敷等,促进炎症吸收消退,使输卵管再通以助孕。     

Ultrastructure of the hydrophobic gastric surfactant barrier in the dog

OBJECTIVES: To confirm the hydrophobicity of the luminal surface of the canine stomach and to elucidate the ultrastructure of the lining imparting that property. DESIGN AND PROCEDURES: Gastric and duodenal mucosal samples from eight dogs were collected immediately after euthanasia and subjected to contact angle measurement using a goniometer. Other samples were examined by electron microscopy following a fixation procedure known to preserve phospholipids and oligolamellar structures. RESULTS: Contact angles for the canine gastric mucosal surface (85.1 +/- 5.5) were significantly greater (P < 0.0001) than for the duodenum (24.0 +/- 1.7). Electron microscopy revealed the existence of surfactant as abundant osmiophilic phospholipid material within the gastric and duodenal mucosae. CONCLUSION: We have confirmed the hydrophobic nature of the canine gastric mucosa whereas the luminal surface of the duodenum is hydrophilic. We propose that the water-repellent nature of the canine gastric lining contributes to the 'gastric mucosal barrier' and is imparted by an oligolamellar layer of surface-active phospholipid ('gastric surfactant') adsorbed to the surface. Both gastric and duodenal mucosae may also utilise phospholipids as an intercellular defense mechanism in the event that tight junctions are breached by acid. It is tempting to speculate that a deficiency of gastric phospholipids may predispose dogs to ulcers. Further, exogenous administration of phospholipids may be useful in preventing gastric ulceration.     

EVALUATION OF SOLID PHASE RADIOLABELS OF DOG FOOD FOR GASTRIC EMPTYING

99mTc-Pertechnetate, 99mTc-mebrofenin, 99mTc-disofenin, 99mTc-sulfur colloid, and 99mTc-Dowex resin beads were evaluated for in vitro stability as a label for both dry extruded, and canned dog food for gastric emptying scintigraphy. A sample of each radiolabeled diet was added to water, gastric juice, intestinal juice, or gastric juice followed by intestinal juice for in vitro digestion. After a 3-hour digestion period, tubes were centrifuged and percentage solid phase retention (%SPR) was calculated. The experiment was repeated three times over a 14-day period to minimize day-to-day variation. For dry dog food, 99mTc-mebrofenin and 99mTc-disofenin had similar %SPR in water (96 and 93%, respectively) and gastric juice (>95% each) and were significantly higher than other labels. For canned dog food, mebrofenin had a 91% SPR for the water or gastric juice digestions, and 99mTc-Dowex had a %SPR of >99%. 99mTc-mebrofenin and 99mTc-Dowex were also tested in vivo, where 99mTc-Dowex had poor stability, and 99mTc-Mebrofenin had excellent stability. 99mTc-Mebrofenin is a suitable label for dog food for gastric emptying scintigraphy.     

Quantitative estimation of maximum daily feed intake of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus Burchell, fingerlings using radiography

Gastric evacuation rate, return of appetite and satiation time of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus Burchell 1822, fingerlings, fed with a commercial pelleted feed, were determined under experimental conditions. The gastric evacuation rate was described by an exponential function, which was found to be inversely related to the rate of ingestion (return of appetite). Satiation time remained constant over the experimental period. Based on these data the authors estimated maximum daily ration in relation to feeding schedule and feeding frequency for C. gariepinus fingerlings.     

投喂频率对尼罗系吉富罗非鱼幼鱼胃排空、生长性能和体组成的影响

通过胃排空试验与养殖试验研究了不同投喂频率对尼罗系吉富罗非鱼幼鱼的胃排空、生长性能以及体组成的影响.在试验开始时,观测尼罗系吉富罗非鱼幼鱼的胃内饲料排空情况,胃排空试验结果表明,胃排空率的最佳描述为平方根函数,胃内饲料在饱食投喂后15 h左右完全排空,达到投喂前水平,80％胃排空为9h,也就是投喂后大约9h恢复食欲.360尾试验鱼(初始体质量3.72 g)以不同的投喂频率(1d4次、1d3次、1d2次、2d4次、2d3次、2d2次)分组,每组设立3个平行组,随机养殖于18个网箱中,每箱养殖20尾鱼,按饱食量投饲膨化饲料.养殖期为6周.尼罗系吉富罗非鱼幼鱼在投喂频率为1d4次、1d3次和1d2次时特定生长率和饲料效率显著高于投喂频率为2d4次、2d3次和2d2次时(P＜0.05);投喂频率为1d2次、2d4次、2d3次和2d2次时其摄食量显著低于1d4次和1d3次时(P＜0.05).随着投喂频率降低,鱼体水分含量逐步上升,脂肪和蛋白质含量逐步下降,其中1d4次、1d3次组鱼与2d2次组鱼有显著性差异(P＜0.05).各投喂频率组间的肝体指数无显著性差异(P＞0.05).3.7～48.0 g尼罗系吉富罗非鱼幼鱼的适宜投喂频率为1d2次,较2d2次、2d3次和2d4次时明显提高了生长速度和饲料效率,较1d3次、1d4次摄食量显著降低.2种试验结果较为一致.     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌和胶红酵母复合菌对虹鳟生长性能及胃黏膜、肠黏膜菌群结构的影响

为研究饲料中添加不同水平的复合菌剂(解淀粉芽孢杆菌,Bacillus amyloliquefaciens V4和胶红酵母,Rhodotorula mucilaginosa)对虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)幼鱼生长及消化道黏膜微生物菌群结构的影响,选用体重为(205.1±4.82)g的虹鳟幼鱼360尾,随机分为4组(每组3个重复,每个重复30尾),分别投喂基础饲料(C0)和3种添加水平为5×10~6/5×10~7 CFU/g(T1),1.5×10~7/1.5×10~8 CFU/g(T3),2.5×10~7/2.5×10~8 CFU/g(T5)的复合菌剂(B.amyloliquefaciens V4/R.mucilaginosa),实验周期42 d。研究结果发现饲料中添加复合益生菌对虹鳟的生长及存活有一定的促进和提高,T1比例的复合益生菌能够显著提高虹鳟的增重率和特定生长率、显著降低饲料系数(P0.05),同时T1和T3比例添加显著降低虹鳟的死亡率(P0.05);对其消化道黏膜细菌群落16S rDNA进行聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)指纹分析,结果表明:虹鳟胃黏膜和肠黏膜上微生物菌群种类存在差异;胃黏膜菌群DGGE图谱中分别检测到35.7±17.0(C0)、37.0±3.5(T1)、36.7±13.6(T3)、26.0±13.2(T5)条谱带,各处理组间谱带数目无显著差异(F=0.500,P=0.692),肠黏膜菌群DGGE图谱显示分别检测到23.3±5.8(C0)、22.3±3.2(T1)、16.7±8.0(T3)、24.7±7.4(T5)条谱带,各处理组间谱带数目也无显著差异(F=0.916,P=0.475);胃黏膜菌群多样性随着益生菌添加量增加,菌群多样性有升高趋势,但是在最高浓度组(T5)多样性降低,肠黏膜菌群多样性随着复合菌剂的添加,多样性指数持续降低,中浓度添加组(T3)多样性最低,但是随着添加浓度升高,呈现恢复和升高趋势(T5);基于所得PCR-DGGE指纹图谱中谱带丰度值数据的UPGMA聚类和PCA排序分析均显示胃黏膜微生物群落与肠黏膜微生物群落结构差异明显,大致分为两个不同的分支,胃黏膜和肠黏膜微生物菌群并没有按照不同处理组而有显著分化。以上结果表明解淀粉芽孢杆菌和胶红酵母复合添加能显著促进虹鳟的生长,提高存活率,外源益生菌添加对虹鳟消化道黏膜上优势菌群能产生一定影响,但并未对胃黏膜及肠黏膜菌群多样性产生显著影响,同时也未显著改变虹鳟肠黏膜微生物菌群结构,高比例添加降低消化道黏膜细菌数量及多样性风险。     

家庭资本禀赋与劳动力外流对牧民养殖技术需求的影响——基于西藏885户肉羊养殖户的入户调查

为探究家庭禀赋与外出务工因素对牧民养殖技术需求的影响,依据西藏那曲地区和日喀则市885份入户调查数据,利用有序Logit模型方法,对牧民养殖技术需求现状及影响因素进行研究。结果表明:牧民技术需求整体偏低,副产品粗加工技术需求稍高。家庭收入水平越高、肉羊养殖收入比重越大、与村民家相处越好、外出务工人次越多、养殖技术认知越高的牧民家庭对肉羊养殖技术需求越高,而是否信仰宗教与养殖技术需求不显著。因而副产品粗加工技术应成为政府技术推广的切入点,拓展务工渠道、加强养殖技术宣传与培训、规范草地流转促进适度规模经营可以在提高肉羊养殖效率的同时促进草原畜牧业可持续发展。     

益气解毒法对胃癌术后辅助化疗患者生存质量的影响

目的 观察益气解毒法对胃癌术后辅助化疗患者生存质量的影响。方法 50例胃癌术后采用替吉奥和奥利沙铂（SOX方案）进行辅助化疗患者（观察组）,配以益气解毒法中医治疗2个化疗周期,观察化疗药物的毒副反应、Karnofsky评分和QLQ-30评分,并与50例胃癌术后单用SOX方案进行辅助化疗患者（对照组）进行比较。结果 毒副反应：在贫血、恶心呕吐、周围神经毒性、口腔黏膜损害和肝功能损害方面,观察组级别明显低于对照组（P<0.05）;Karnofsky评分：观察组Karnofsky评分优于对照组（P<0.05）;QLQ-30评分：对照组治疗前后疲乏无力、恶心呕吐和食欲减退的评分较治疗前显著升高（P<0.05）,观察组治疗后情绪功能和整体生活质量评分较治疗前显著升高（P<0.05）,其余各项目治疗前后评分差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 益气解毒法可减轻胃癌术后辅助化疗毒副反应,提高患者生存质量。