不同杀菌剂对番石榴枝枯病病原菌的毒力和田间防效

为有效防治我国近些年新发现的番石榴枝枯病,本研究采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法,测定了8种杀菌剂对番石榴枝枯病菌(小新壳梭孢)的毒力,筛选出高效药剂,并进行田间防治试验。结果表明:30%咪鲜胺CS对小新壳梭孢的抑菌能力最强,EC_(50)为0.2 mg/L;其次是60%苯醚甲环唑WG和35%苯甲·嘧菌酯SC,EC_(50)分别为0.23和0.29 mg/L。30%咪鲜胺CS和35%苯甲·嘧菌酯SC对小新壳梭孢分生孢子萌发的抑制作用最强,EC_(50)分别为0.07和0.09 mg/L;30%咪鲜胺CS和60%苯醚甲环唑WG的预防作用和治疗作用效果也最好;田间试验结果表明,使用30%咪鲜胺CS和60%苯醚甲环唑WG防治番石榴枝枯病的防效最好,达到56.87%和52.40%,有较大的应用潜力。     

新型农药控失剂与农药减量混用效果初探

为减少农药使用量,提高农药利用率,本研究通过对新型农药控失剂与农药减量混用进行试验,以柑橘为研究对象,调查全年病虫害防治效果。使用新型农药控失剂与农药减量混用应用试验区与农户常规用药区防效基本一致,农药残留低,对作物安全,值得推广应用。     

三唑类杀菌剂对苹果轮纹病菌超微结构的影响

为了研究三唑类杀菌剂对苹果轮纹病菌形态和结构的影响,选择在生产上常用的防治苹果轮纹病的三唑类杀菌剂:戊唑醇和苯醚甲环唑,对苹果轮纹病菌进行处理。用光学显微镜和扫描电镜技术研究新型三唑类杀菌剂对苹果轮纹病菌发育的组织学和超微形态结构的影响。结果表明:光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察发现三唑类杀菌剂处理能导致苹果轮纹病菌发生一系列变化:菌丝的生长明显受到抑制,不再匍匐生长,而是向上生长。菌丝干瘪、畸形,分枝增多,分枝有长有短,很不规则,且不均匀膨大。一些菌丝出现不同程度的龟裂现象。这些变化会导致苹果轮纹病菌菌丝的生长严重受阻,最终菌丝细胞解体死亡。     

Discontinuance of tebuconazole in the field restores sensitivity of Monilinia fructicola in stone fruit orchards

Demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides are used to control brown rot in stone fruit worldwide. However, their specific mode of action can select resistant isolates of Monilinia fructicola. Monilinia fructicola resistant to DMI fungicides are associated with a fitness cost in the absence of selective pressure, indicating that the sensitive population can be re-established when discontinuing the fungicide in the field. This work aimed to build up the sensitive population of M. fructicola after discontinuing the use of tebuconazole for successive crop seasons. The sensitivity of M. fructicola to tebuconazole was assessed in four commercial peach orchards in Paraná and São Paulo States from 2012/13 to 2015/16. Different fungicide programmes were used and DMI fungicides were discontinued from 2013/14. The sensitivity of M. fructicola to tebuconazole was assessed by a mycelial growth assay in vitro and by determining the frequency of the G461S mutation in the MfCYP51 gene. The isolates from Paraná had high sensitivity to the fungicide across all seasons and the frequency of the G461S mutation remained below 5%. The isolates from São Paulo were highly resistant in the 2012/13 season; however, there was a gradual decline until 2015/16. In addition, the G461S mutation frequency in Sao Paulo State was about 80% in the 2012/13 season, but reduced until it was completely undetectable in 2015/16. These results provide evidence that resistance can be managed in orchards with high selective pressure to tebuconazole after discontinuing the use of the fungicide for at least 3 years.     

青花菜根肿病田间防治技术研究

2018年开展青花菜根肿病田间防治试验, 移栽后用5种药剂灌根处理?分别进行了5种药剂灌根次数试验?3种药剂灌根剂量试验和3种药剂灌根时期试验?试验结果表明, 5种药剂中500 g/L氟啶胺SC是防治青花菜根肿病的最佳药剂, 但使用不当会有药害风险, 移栽当天用2 250 g/hm2?移栽后3 d用3 375 g/hm2和4 500 g/hm2灌根, 花球成熟期推迟, 株高?最大叶面积均不同程度受抑制, 尤其在苗期使用会明显抑制生长, 表现为植株矮小?叶片黄化?无法正常盘根?建议用2 250 g/hm2分别在移栽后3~7 d和移栽后30 d各灌根1次?其次采用100 g/L氰霜唑SC, 338 g/hm2在移栽后0~3 d和30 d灌根也可取得较好防效?75%百菌清WP 8 440 g/hm2与100 g/L氰霜唑SC 338 g/hm2防效相当?20%噻唑锌SC防效较低, 62.5 g/L精甲·咯菌腈FSC防效最差, 不适宜用在根肿病防治上?     

Resistance profiles of Botrytis cinerea populations to several fungicide classes on greenhouse tomato and strawberry in Lebanon

Tomato and strawberry are the most important protected crops in Lebanon and are seriously affected by grey mould disease, caused by Botrytis cinerea. In the present study, the fungicide sensitivity assays revealed medium to high frequencies of B. cinerea isolates resistant to benzimidazoles, dicarboximides, and anilinopyrimidines on tomato and strawberry. Fludioxonil- and boscalid-resistant mutants were uncommonly found at generally low frequency on both crops. Resistance to fenhexamid was detected in only one site on tomato but in most sites on strawberry with high frequencies, and the occurrence of resistance to QoI fungicides was ascertained on both crops. The majority of the tested isolates (>90%) exhibited multiple fungicide resistance, and isolates resistant to the seven antibotrydial fungicide classes were detected on strawberry in three locations. A high level of resistance was shown by B. cinerea mutants resistant to boscalid, fenhexamid, and QoI fungicides, while two levels of moderate and high resistance to anilinopyrimidines were identified. Genetic analysis revealed point mutations in the target genes commonly associated with resistance in B. cinerea isolates, with all mutants resistant to dicarboximides, fenhexamid, boscalid, and QoI fungicides carrying single-nucleotide polymorphims in BcOS1 (I365S/N, Q369P, and N373S), Erg27 (F412V/I), SdhB (H272R/Y), and cytb (G143A) genes, respectively. The general incorrect use of fungicides has caused the development and spread of fungicide resistance as a widespread phenomenon on protected tomato and strawberry in Lebanon. The implementation of appropriate antiresistance strategies is highly recommended.     

我国人参产区灰霉病菌抗药性研究初报

人参灰霉病给人参生产造成巨大损失。本研究选取人参生产上常用的4种杀菌剂,对东北人参产区分离的102株灰霉菌进行抗性检测。结果表明,灰霉菌对多菌灵carbendazim(C)、嘧霉胺pyrimethanil(P)、异菌脲iprodione(I)、咯菌腈fludioxonil(F)的抗性频率分别为100%、86.27%、73.53%和30.39%,辽宁和吉林分离菌株对嘧霉胺、异菌脲的抗性高于3省平均水平。分离菌株对4种杀菌剂共有7种抗性类型,即C_RP_RI_RF_S、C_RP_RI_RF_R、C_RP_RI_SF_S、C_RP_SI_SF_S、C_RP_SI_RF_S、C_RP_RI_SF_R和C_RP_SI_SF_R,其所占比例分别为39.22%、26.47%、14.71%、7.84%、5.88%、4.90%和0.98%,未发现对4种杀菌剂均敏感的灰霉菌菌株。研究结果对于指导人参产区防治灰霉病杀菌剂的合理选用,有效降低人参农药残留,延缓灰霉菌抗性产生具有重要意义。