10种杀菌剂对水稻稻叶褐条斑病菌的室内毒力

为了解化学药剂对水稻稻叶褐条斑病病菌的抑制作用,采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了10种杀菌剂对稻黑孢霉菌［Nigrosporaoryzae Berk.etBr.Petch］的敏感性。结果表明：各药剂对稻黑孢霉菌的毒力差异显著。10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂、25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油、50%咯菌腈可湿性粉剂对稻黑孢霉菌毒力居前列,EC50分别为0.5072、0.6398、0.9959mg/L,其次是50%咪鲜胺锰盐可湿性粉剂、30%苯甲·丙环唑乳油、12. 5%氟环唑悬浮剂、25%氟环·醚菌酯悬浮剂,EC50在1. 3803~2. 1182 mg/L,毒力较弱的是40%稻瘟灵可湿性粉剂和70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂,EC50分别为16.3178、17.4257mg/L,毒力最小的是75%百菌清可湿性粉剂,EC50达41. 5957 mg/L。综合各供试药剂的斜率和EC50、EC90,稻黑孢霉菌对测定的苯醚甲环唑、咯菌腈、咪鲜胺锰盐以及苯甲·丙环唑等药剂最为敏感,这些药剂可作防治稻叶褐条斑病的候选药剂。     

Environmental fungicides and triazole resistance in Aspergillus

Fungal diseases are problematic in both human health and agriculture. Treatment options are limited and resistance may emerge. The relatively recent recognition of triazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus has prompted questioning of the origin of resistance. While multiple mechanisms are described in clinical isolates from triazole‐treated patients, some de novo resistance is also recognised, especially attributable to TR₃₄/L98H. Such strains probably arose in the environment, and, indeed, multiple studies have now demonstrated TR₃₄/L98H triazole resistance strains of A. fumigatus from soil. Docking and other in vitro studies are consistent with environmental resistance induction through exposure to certain triazole fungicides, notably difenoconazole, propiconazole, epoxiconazole, bromuconazole and tebuconazole. This article addresses the potential implications of this issue for both human health and food security. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

肉桂精油对4种重要果蔬病原真菌的生物活性研究

为进一步明确肉桂精油的农用抑菌活性,采用菌丝生长速率法、孢子萌发法和活体组织法系统测试了其对番茄灰霉病菌、苹果青霉病菌、番茄茎枯病菌和黄瓜镰刀菌4种重要果蔬病原真菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,肉桂精油对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制效果较好。离体活性测试中,肉桂精油对4种供试菌菌丝生长的抑制中浓度（EC50）分别为272.17、324.78、316.24、326.95 mg/L;对4种供试菌孢子萌发的EC50分别为196.01、273.52、390.44、311.23 mg/L。果实针刺法试验结果表明,在10 g/L处理剂量下,肉桂精油对番茄灰霉病的治疗作用和保护作用分别为64.16%和34.90%（3 d）,保护作用与对照药剂1 g/L腐霉利无显著差异。     

层出镰孢高效杀菌剂筛选及田间防效

玉米鞘腐病是玉米上的一种重要鞘部病害,其病原主要为层出镰孢。为筛选该病的有效防治药剂,本研究选取9种杀菌剂进行了室内毒力测定,并对效果较好的药剂进行了田间防治试验。结果表明:苯醚甲环唑、吡唑醚菌酯、苯甲·嘧菌酯、咪鲜胺、硅唑·咪鲜胺对层出镰孢均有一定的抑制效果,其中苯醚甲环唑、吡唑醚菌酯、咪鲜胺和硅唑·咪鲜胺对层出镰孢具有较好的防治效果,其EC50值分别为2.16,1.59,0.01,0.01mg/L;对孢子萌发的抑制率分别为6.57%,9.09%,59.09%,58.08%;田间防效分别达55.72%,62.54%,52.32%和45.51%,挽回玉米产量损失率分别为2.61%,0.39%,8.45%,10.15%。综合上述结果可知,上述4种杀菌剂对玉米鞘腐病防效显著,可作为防治该病的备选药剂。     

植物病原真菌对几类重要单位点杀菌剂的抗药性分子机制

单位点杀菌剂是植物病害管理的重要组成部分,随着单位点杀菌剂的大量、广泛使用,抗性问题也随之产生。目前为止,有植物病原菌对各大类单位点杀菌剂均具抗性的报道。本文作者主要阐述了生产中常用的5类单位点杀菌剂,包括苯并咪唑类杀菌剂（MBCs）、二甲酰亚胺类杀菌剂（DCFs）、14α-脱甲基酶抑制剂（DMIs）、QoIs和琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂（SDHIs）的作用机理及抗性分子机制的研究进展,并进一步论述了抗药性产生的机理及抗性治理原则。MBCs作用于β-微管蛋白,抗性主要与靶标蛋白基因的点突变有关,突变造成的氨基酸变化多集中于第50、167、198、200和240等5个位置,主要突变位点为第198位,同一菌株通常只发生一个氨基酸变异,不同位点的点突变甚至同一位点的不同氨基酸替代均会引起抗性水平的差异;DCFs的作用靶标尚不清楚,病原真菌对其抗性可能与双元组氨酸激酶OS基因的点突变有关;DMIs通过抑制14α-脱甲基酶最终影响麦角甾醇的合成,抗性主要与Cyp51的点突变或过量表达或运输体的过量表达相关,Cyp51点突变是抗DMI的主要机制,同一突变对不同的三唑类杀菌剂敏感性表现不尽相同,不同位置的点突变在同一病原菌中对不同三唑类杀菌剂的敏感性影响也不同。点突变数量在不同的真菌中表现不同,有单个发生,也有多个同时发生,且对抗药性具有积累效应;QoIs作用于电子传递链的复合物III,抗性主要与Cytb的点突变有关,与抗性相关的点突变主要发生在Cytb的120-155和255-280两个编码区,其中G143A和F129L为最主要的点突变;SDHIs作用于电子传递链的复合物II,抗性主要与SdhB、SdhC或SdhD的点突变有关,大部分病原真菌对SDHIs的抗性与SdhB点突变有关,SdhB点突变发生位置比较单一,在多种病原菌中突变均发生在相同的组氨酸上即H272, 而SdhC和SdhD突变位点比较多。     

Effect of Adjuvants on the Therapeutic Activity of Dimethomorph in Controlling Vine Downy Mildew. I. Survey of Adjuvant Types

The effect of adjuvants on the performance of emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and wettable powder (WP) formulations of dimethomorph, a new systemic Oomycete fungicide, has been investigated using a two-day therapeutic (curative) assay with downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola, Berl. & de T.) on vines (Vitisvinifera L., cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) in glasshouse trials. The EC formulation had some therapeutic activity in this type of test. This activity was increased by the spray tank incorporation of 6 g litre⁻¹ of either emulsifiable rape seed oil (‘Atplus’ 412) or emulsifiable paraffinic oil (‘Atplus’ 411F). However, these improvements in performance were overshadowed by those brought about by incorporation of 3 g litre⁻¹ of a series of C₁₃/C₁₄ alcohol ethoxylates varying in ethylene oxide content from 5 to 20 moles:(‘Marlipal’ 34/6EO, 34/11EO, 34/20EO). Nearly complete fungal control was obtained in the presence of these adjuvants with a dimethomorph application rate of 25 g ha⁻¹ compared with only around 90% control at 400 g ha⁻¹ without adjuvants. The WP formulation was inactive in this therapeutic test but the presence of the adjuvants improved the performance of this formulation towards the high levels observed with the EC plus adjuvants, demonstrating that adjuvants could markedly influence the performance of solid, otherwise therapeutically inactive, dimethomorph formulations. Further trials examined other types of adjuvants (nonylphenol, alkylamine and silicone ethoxylates) but either they were no better than the alcohol ethoxylates or they induced unacceptable phytotoxicity. Trials with alcohol ethoxylates (‘Genapols’) from another source demonstrated activity equivalent to the ‘Marlipal’ surfactants. A two-factorial matrix experiment with ‘Genapol’ C050 showed that, under glasshouse conditions, >90% control could be obtained with the dimethomorph EC at 25 g AI ha⁻¹ with 375 g ha⁻¹ ‘Genapol’ C050. Applications of the WP formulation required slightly higher rates of either 50 g AI ha⁻¹ plus 375 g ha⁻¹ ‘Genapol’ C050 or 25 g AI ha⁻¹ plus 750–1500 g ha⁻¹ ‘Genapol’ C050. The overall conclusion was that alcohol ethoxylates varying in alkyl chain length from C₁₂ to C₁₈ and ethylene oxide content between 5 and 20 moles for the C₁₂ surfactants and ∽15 moles for the C₁₈ surfactants were effective adjuvants in promoting the therapeutic activity of dimethomorph formulationsagainst P. viticola on glasshouse-propagated vines.     

Effect of Adjuvants on the Therapeutic Activity of Dimethomorph in Controlling Vine Downy Mildew. II. Adjuvant Mixtures,Outdoor-Hardened Vines and One-Pack Formulations

Previous investigations have shown that certain C₁₂–C₁₈ alcohol ethoxylates with between 5 and 20 moles ethylene oxide gave large enhancements to the therapeutic activity of emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and wettable power (WP) formulations of dimethomorph in controlling two-day-old infections of downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola, Berl. & deT) on glasshouse propagated vines (Vitis vinifera, L.). In a continuation of that work it has been shown that similar enhancements could also be obtained on vines that had been grown under outdoor conditions for two to three weeks before treatment (outdoor-hardened vines) and it is concluded that the treatments would therefore be effective on field vines. Mixtures of either ammonium sulfate or the silicone ethoxylate, ‘Silwet’ L77, with the best alcohol ethoxylates, ‘Genapol’ C050 or ‘Genapol’ C080, produced slight antagonism of the action of the ‘Genapols’ and therefore were of no benefit. Trials with one-pack formulations prepared containing the ‘Genapol’ adjuvants produced good dose response curves from which estimated doses for 90% fungal control (ED₉₀ values) could be calculated by Logit analysis. These one-pack formulations were significantly more effective than the standard EC formulation (ED₉₀=335 g AI ha⁻¹, glasshouse vines and 445 g AI ha⁻¹, outdoor hardened vines) with optimum enhancements with those formulations containing an adjuvant: dimethomorph ratio of either 9:1 on glasshouse vines (ED₉₀= 13 g AI ha⁻¹) or 6:1 on outdoor-hardened vines (ED₉₀=30 g AI ha⁻¹). This last result was significantly better than that obtained with a commercial formulation of cymoxanil, ‘Fytospore’, (ED₉₀=86 g AI ha⁻¹) and encouraged the recommendation that these one-pack formulations should be examined in field trials.     

藜麦黑茎病拮抗细菌的筛选及与杀菌剂协同防治作用

为安全高效防治藜麦黑茎病,减少化学药剂施用量,筛选出对藜麦黑茎病菌Ascochyta caulina有良好抑制作用的拮抗细菌,分别采用平板对峙法和菌丝生长速率法测定拮抗细菌及杀菌剂对藜麦黑茎病菌的室内毒力;初步筛选出抑菌效果良好的拮抗菌和杀菌剂,采用稀释涂布平板法测定不同杀菌剂与拮抗细菌的相容性,并采用Horsfall法确定最佳复配比例,以确定的最佳复配比例进行田间防效测定。试验初步筛选出2株对A.caulina具有较好抑菌活性的拮抗细菌LS3和LS10,及室内毒力较高的2种杀菌剂戊唑醇和咪鲜胺。经过生物相容性试验最终选出戊唑醇和拮抗细菌LS3为最佳组合,其中,戊唑醇对A.caulina的EC₅₀为1.78μg/mL,LS3菌株对其EC₅₀为2.37×10⁵ cfu/mL,LS3初步鉴定为芽胞杆菌Bacillus sp.;在各自EC₅₀浓度下戊唑醇和LS3体积比为6∶4复配时对A.caulina抑制率达59.24%,IR值为1.003,具有加和作用,为最佳复配比例。以筛选出的0.5%木质素磺酸钠作为...