植物源杀菌剂大黄素甲醚对烟草病毒病的防治效果

为明确大黄素甲醚对烟草病毒病的防治效果,最佳施药时期及施用量。以0.1%大黄素甲醚水剂为试验药剂,8%宁南霉素水剂和20%盐酸吗啉胍可湿性粉剂为对照,开展田间小区试验。结果表明,0.1%大黄素甲醚水剂于移栽定植期施药防效最好,高浓度达62.81%,中、高浓度即制剂量80克/亩、100克/亩的防效与对照药剂均无显著性差异。田间观察发现大黄素甲醚对烟草有一定促生长作用。     

Occurrence of the F129L mutation in Alternaria solani populations in Germany in response to QoI application,and its effect on sensitivity

Early blight caused by Alternaria solani is a highly destructive disease of potatoes. Control of early blight mainly relies on the use of preventive fungicide treatments. Because of their high efficacy, azoxystrobin and other quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs) are commonly used to manage early blight. However, loss of sensitivity to QoIs has previously been reported for A. solani in the United States. Two hundred and three A. solani field isolates collected from 81 locations in Germany between 2005 and 2011 were screened for the presence of the F129L mutation in the cytochrome b gene; of these, 74 contained the F129L mutation. Sequence analysis revealed the occurrence of two structurally different cytb genes, which differed in the presence (genotype I) or absence (genotype II) of an intron, with genotype I being the most prevalent (63% of isolates). The F129L mutation was detected only in genotype II isolates, where it occurred in 97%. Sensitivity to azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin was determined in conidial germination assays. All isolates possessing the F129L mutation had reduced sensitivity to azoxystrobin and, to a lesser extent, to pyraclostrobin. Early blight disease severity on plants treated with azoxystrobin was significantly higher for A. solani isolates with reduced fungicide sensitivity in the conidial germination assay compared with sensitive isolates. Data suggest an accumulation of F129L isolates in the German A. solani population over the years 2009–2011. It is assumed that the application of QoIs has selected for the occurrence of F129L mutations, which may contribute to loss of fungicide efficacy.     

Monitoring of QoI fungicide resistance in Plasmopara viticola populations in Japan

BACKGROUND: The increasing occurrence of QoI fungicide resistance in Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & MA Curtis) Berl. & DeToni populations is becoming a serious problem in the control of grapevine downy mildew. In Japan, the existence of QoI‐fungicide‐resistant P. viticola was reported in 2009. RESULTS: The QoI fungicide resistance in P. viticola samples collected from vineyards in Japan in 2008 and 2009 was monitored. Resistant P. viticola were detected in the regions where QoI fungicides have been introduced in accordance with the pest management programme, whereas in Hokkaido vineyards, where QoI fungicides have not yet been introduced, QoI‐fungicide‐resistant P. viticola were not found. CONCLUSION: Japan comprises thousands of islands and is physically isolated from other countries by the sea. Monitoring the emergence, incidence and distribution of QoI fungicide resistance in P. viticola populations in Japan is necessary to improve pest management strategies for downy mildew disease in Japanese vineyards. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同杀菌剂对柑橘炭疽病病菌的室内毒力测定

为筛选出高效、低毒、低残留药剂供生产上交替使用,采用生长速率法测定了6种杀菌剂对柑橘炭疽病病菌的室内毒力.结果表明:6种药剂对菌丝生长的抑制效果不同,10%苯醚甲环唑WG的抑菌作用最强,其EC50值为0.021 2 μg/mL;25%咪酰胺EC次之,其EC50值为3.282 5 μg/mL;25%嘧菌酯SC效果最差,EC50值为9 650.901 9 μg/mL.10%苯醚甲环唑WG与25%咪酰胺EC可进一步进行大田试验,具有推广应用的价值.     

吩嗪-1-羧酸及其类似物的合成研究进展

天然产物吩嗪-1-羧酸（PCA）作为重要的微生物代谢产物,在假单胞菌属（Pseudomonads）和链霉菌属（Streptomycetes）等微生物分泌物中广泛存在,具有医用抗肺癌活性及抗水稻纹枯病、西瓜枯萎病、辣椒疫病、小麦全蚀病、西瓜炭疽病和油菜菌核病等病原菌的广谱性农用抗菌活性,对人畜和环境无害,并具有独特的化学结构,是研发绿色农药的理想化合物。文章综述了吩嗪-1-羧酸及其类似物在微生物发酵及化学合成方面的研究进展,分析了各合成路线中的关键反应,讨论了各合成方法的优缺点。     

Decreased sensitivity to pyrazophos of cucumber and gherkin powdery mildew

In some cucumber and gherkin greenhouses in the Netherlands, where Curamil (a.i. pyrazophos) had been used for control of powdery mildew, unsatisfactory disease control was obtained in recent years. Laboratory tests revealed a decreased sensitivity of the pathogen to the fungicide. The fitness and the competitive ability of pyrazophos resistant strains in absence of the fungicide appeared to be somewhat lower than that of the normal, sensitive strains. The implications with respect to disease control in practice are discussed.Samenvatting In enkele kassen, waar Curamil (a.i. pyrazofos) in 1977 aangewend werd ter bestrijding van meeldauw op komkommers en augurken, werd onvoldoende effekt met dit middel tegen deze ziekte verkregen. Toetsing in het laboratorium bracht een verminderde gevoeligheid van het pathogeen voor het fungicide aan het licht (Tabel 1). Bij afwezigheid van pyrazofos bleek het competitief vermogen (Tabel 2) en de vitaliteit (Tabel 3) van de pyrazofos resistente isolaten wat lager te zijn dan die van het normale, gevoelige pathogeen. De betekenis hiervan met betrekking tot de ziektebestrijding wordt besproken.     

Evaluation of phenylaminopyrimidines as antifungal protein kinase inhibitors

The effects of diverse phenylaminopyrimidines (PAP), namely PAP-pyridines (type A), PAP-pyrazoles (type B) and PAP-thiazoles (type C), on Neurospora crassa Shear & Dodge has been investigated. The results revealed that type A strongly inhibit the in vitro growth of N crassa, whereas types B and C are much less active. A significant correlation was observed between the Neurospora growth inhibition and the intrinsic activity of type A compounds on the cyclin-dependent protein kinase p34(CDC2) of starfish, suggesting that the target of phenylaminopyrimidines in fungi is a cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK). The phenylaminopyrimidine-binding CDKs Phoss (major band) and CDC2 (minor band) involved in phosphorus uptake, glycogen synthesis and the cell cycle were identified from N crassa by affinity chromatography on phenylaminopyrimidine-sepharose. Comparative experiments with different protein kinases revealed the importance of the side chain of phenylaminopyrimidines for their target selectivity. A type B compound was found to selectively inhibit the MAP-kinase OS-2 involved in the osmoregulatory pathway of Neurospora.     

Characterization of the bound residues of the fungicide cyprodinil formed in plant cell suspension cultures of wheat

The non-extractable residues of the fungicide cyprodinil formed in heterotrophic cell suspension cultures of wheat were studied by application of [2-pyrimidyl-14C] or [2-pyrimidyl-13C]cyprodinil. The main objective was to examine whether solid-state and liquid 13C NMR spectroscopy can be used to examine plant bound residues of pesticides. For 14C experiments, wheat suspensions grown on glucose as carbon source were treated with 10 mg litre(-1) of 14C-cyprodinil. After incubation for 12 days, 20% of applied 14C was detected as non-extractable residues. The cell debris were treated with 0.1 M HCl (reflux), 1.0 M HCl (reflux), buffer, or 2 M NaOH (50 degrees C); Bj?rkman lignin and acidolysis lignin fractions were also prepared from the debris. Radioactivity liberated and solubilized by these procedures was examined by thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that cyprodinil and primary metabolites contributed to the fungicide's bound residues. Most of the residues (12% of applied 14C) remained associated with polar or polymeric/oligomeric endogenous cell materials in a stable manner. For the study with 13C-cyprodinil, wheat suspensions were cultivated on 13C-depleted glucose for four growth cycles, resulting in maximum 13C depletion of the natural cell components to about 0.10%. During the fourth cycle, 13C-labelled cyprodinil was applied, and cells were incubated (12 days). Cell debris was prepared and examined by solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. Debris was then treated as described above in the 14C experiment. Solubilized fractions were analyzed by liquid 13C NMR spectroscopy. However, none of the 13C NMR spectra recorded gave utilizable or unambiguous results, and all exhibited large inconsistencies, especially concerning the data from the conventional 14C experiment.     

10种化学杀菌剂对苹果树腐烂病的防效评价

本试验通过采用抑制菌丝生长、促进伤口愈合以及在离体枝条上的保护和治疗试验,对市售的10种化学药剂进行了防治苹果树腐烂病效果的评价.这些药剂分别为甲硫·萘乙酸、腐植酸·铜、菌毒清、丙环唑、代森铵、丁香菌酯、噻霉酮、辛菌胺·醋酸盐、甲基硫菌灵(山西北方种业)和甲基硫菌灵(日本曹达).试验结果表明,不同的测试方法得到不同的排序.在抑菌试验中,抑菌作用最强的药剂是甲基硫菌灵(山西北方种业)和腐植酸·铜,抑菌带均为5.00 cm,其次为菌毒清、丙环唑和甲硫·萘乙酸.在伤口愈合试验中,甲基硫菌灵(日本曹达)和甲硫·萘乙酸对伤口的愈合作用最好,其愈伤组织宽度分别比对照宽2.00 mm和0.92 mm.在离体枝条保护作用试验中,甲硫·蕃乙酸、腐植酸·铜、甲基硫菌灵(日本曹达)处理均未发病.在离体枝条治疗作用试验中,甲硫·萘乙酸、菌毒清、代森铵、甲基硫菌灵(山西北方种业)、腐植酸·铜的病斑平均扩展面积均小于50 mm2,其中甲硫·萘乙酸和菌毒清的防效均为87.5％,病斑面积仅为对照的1.6％和2.2％.综合排序和分析认为,甲硫·萘乙酸是治疗腐烂病效果最好的药剂.     

Genetic analysis and molecular characterisation of laboratory and field mutants of Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea) resistant to QoI fungicides

BACKGROUND: QoI fungicides, inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration, are considered to be at high risk of resistance development. In several phytopathogenic fungi, resistance is caused by mutations (most frequently G143A) in the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene. The genetic and molecular basis of QoI resistance were investigated in laboratory and field mutants of Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetz. exhibiting in vitro reduced sensitivity to trifloxystrobin. RESULTS: B. fuckeliana mutants highly resistant to trifloxystrobin were obtained in the laboratory by spontaneous mutations in wild‐type strains, or from naturally infected plants on a medium amended with 1–3 mg L^?1 trifloxystrobin and 2 mM salicylhydroxamic acid, an inhibitor of alternative oxidase. No point mutations were detected, either in the complete nucleotide sequences of the cytb gene or in those of the aox and Rieske protein genes of laboratory mutants, whereas all field mutants carried the G143A mutation in the mitochondrial cytb gene. QoI resistance was always maternally inherited in ascospore progeny of sexual crosses of field mutants with sensitive reference strains. CONCLUSIONS: The G143A mutation in cytb gene is confirmed to be responsible for field resistance to QoIs in B. fuckeliana. Maternal inheritance of resistance to QoIs in progeny of sexual crosses confirmed that it is caused by extranuclear genetic determinants. In laboratory mutants the heteroplasmic state of mutated mitochondria could likely hamper the G143A detection, otherwise other gene(s) underlying different mechanisms of resistance could be involved. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry