新疆猪、牛、羊弓形虫病的血清学调查

目的为摸清新疆地区家畜弓形虫感染情况。方法作者对新疆乌鲁木齐周边地区的猪、牛和阿勒泰地区的牛、羊随机抽样,采用间接血凝试验(IHA)进行了血清学调查。结果乌鲁木齐周边地区的猪的感染率为66.39%(243/336),牛为31.94%(23/72);阿勒泰地区牛为31.8%(28/88),羊为33.33%(12/36);结论弓形虫在这三种动物中均有相当高的感染率,应引起人们的足够重视,加强防范。     

Contribution of Medicago sativa to the productivity and nutritive value of forage in semi‐arid grassland pastures

The inclusion of legumes in semi‐arid native grasslands may promote the productivity and nutritive value of forage. This study was designed to assess the effect of legumes (the introduced legume Medicago sativa or the native legume Dalea purpurea) and soil P fertility (addition of 0, 50, or 200 P₂O₅ kg/ha at seeding) on the dry matter and nutrient content of native grasses mixtures, compared with the commonly used introduced forage grass Bromus biebersteinii grown with M. sativa. Plant harvests were performed in September 2008, July 2009 and September 2009. Plants nutrient content, δ¹⁵N value and dry matter were analysed. Results show that the M. sativa enhanced the N and P concentrations of native grass mixtures early in the summer, as well as the N concentration in Bouteloua gracilis in late summer of the driest year, 2009. The higher AM fungal diversity promoted by M. sativa was positively correlated with the dry matter and nitrogen uptake of M. sativa and with the P concentration of native grasses, in early summer. Overall, this study shows that M. sativa promoted beneficial AM fungal taxa and improved forage production in the semi‐arid prairies.     

Identification and characterization of Colletotrichum fructicola causing black spots on young fruits related to bitter rot of pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) in China

In recent years, Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. var. ‘Suli’ has been damaged by a disease characterized by the presence of black spots on young fruit in China, which was always followed by severe bitter rot on matured fruits. The etiology of these symptoms and their relationship with the bitter rot was unknown. A colony was routinely isolated from young and matured ‘Suli’ pear fruits showing black spots and rot symptoms, respectively. This fungal colony was identified as Colletotrichum fructicola based on morphological characteristics and DNA sequence data of 7 regions. C. fructicola was confirmed to be capable of eliciting both black spots and bitter rot symptoms by completion of Koch's Postulates. The results suggested that the disease characterized by the presence of black spots on young fruits is indeed an early stage of the bitter rot observed on matured fruits of ‘Suli’ pear. Variety resistance analysis indicated an obvious resistance variation possessed by the pear varieties generally cultured in China, with black spots only occurring on some pear varieties. Our results also indicated that wounding can break the quiescent infections, enhance the infectivity of C. fructicola, and lead to more rapid rot of young and matured fruits. These results provided a clear clue that C. fructicola can invade some varieties of P. bretschneideri Rehd. directly without entry via wounds, but subsequently turned into quiescent infection and causing black spots on the fruit surface. The quiescent infection acts as a pathogenic factor responsible for bitter rot of matured fruits. The influence of temperature and pH conditions for growth and colony morphology of C. fructicola were also evaluated. The characterization of C. fructicola causing bitter rot of pear (P. bretschneideri) is expected to provide useful information for controlling this economically important disease.     

14种AM真菌对枳生长的影响

在盆栽条件下,以柑橘砧木枳（Fructus aurantii）幼苗为试验材料,在基质中接种从广西土壤中分离得到的不同丛枝菌根（AM）真菌菌株,探讨不同AM真菌对枳根系的侵染能力和植株生长的影响。结果表明：用于试验的14个AM真菌菌株均能与枳根系形成共生关系,平均侵染率为36.16%,其中侵染率最高的菌株是黄雷德克囊霉（Redeckera fulvum, Rf）,侵染率高达92.83%,侵染率最低的菌株是副冠球囊霉（Glomus coronatum, Gc）,侵染率仅为0.23%;接种黄雷德克囊霉、摩西斗管囊霉（Funneliformis mosseae, Fm2）和副冠球囊霉这3个菌株处理的枳植株的株高、茎粗、叶片数和叶柄长均高于CK,是枳的优势菌株,能促进枳的生长。     

Pathogenicity of Pasteurella sp. in lumpsuckers (Cyclopterus lumpus L.)

The incidence of disease caused by Pasteurella sp. in farmed lumpsuckers in Norway has been steadily increasing in recent years, causing significant economic losses and fish welfare issues. The disease affects all life stages, both in hatcheries and after release into salmon cages. Therefore, it is important to establish robust challenge models, to be used for vaccine development. Exposure experiments via intramuscular and intraperitoneal injection underlined the high virulence of the bacteria, whereas the cohabitation and bath models allowed the chronic symptoms of the disease to be studied more accurately. Skin lesions and haemorrhage at the base of fins were observed in the more acute cases of the disease. Symptoms including white spots over the skin, especially around the eyes, characterized the chronic cases. The latter were most prominent from the bath challenge model. Histopathology indicated a systemic pattern of disease, whereas qPCR analysis from head kidney showed that bacteria may be present in survivor fish at the end of the challenges. In all the challenge models investigated, Pasteurella sp. was re‐isolated from the fish, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. These findings highlight the importance of screening of lumpsuckers prior to transfer to minimize the risks of carrying over asymptomatic carriers.     

虎经消化道感染锥虫的病例报告

在酚消毒剂中毒的２例虎死尸的血液中查出了伊氏锥虫,死前无伊氏锥虫病的临床症状和流行学特征,但有伊氏锥虫的感染史说明虎通过消化伤口感染伊氏锥虫并成为保虫宿主的可能性     

湖南省牛和猪衣原体病感染的血清学调查

应用间接血凝试验对湖南省的奶牛、水牛、黄牛和有流产史的母猪进行了农原体病的血清学检测;被查的410份奶牛血清有33份为阳性,37份为可疑;被查的111份猪血清有10份为阳性,3份为可疑;从受查血清中抽查176头奶牛和62头母猪血清作布氏杆菌病检测,阳性率分别为3.4％和25.80％,可疑率分别为9.09％和12.90％。     

A review on the potential effects of temperature on fungicide effectiveness

Fungicides are one possible way to manage fungal and oomycete plant pathogens in order to safeguard yield and quality of crops and to improve shelf-life of produce in agriculture and horticulture. However, global warming and the resulting temperature increase may affect the effectiveness of some important fungicides, including efficacy and duration of plant disease control. Nevertheless, according to our literature survey, there is little specific information available on whether and how temperature influences the effectiveness of fungicides. The very few publications that show specific data are summarized herein. Specific data are mainly gained under controlled conditions, both based on in vitro and in planta experiments. Field data are more or less missing. Most researchers assume that indirect effects of temperature on fungicide efficacy are particularly important. For example, temperature effects on pathogen spore germination and hyphal growth (optimal versus sub- and supra-optimal), whereby optimal temperature conditions can improve pathogen fitness, thereby increasing the tolerance of pathogens to fungicides. Presumably, these indirect effects are often more important than the direct effects of temperature on fungicide performance. However, the data needed to prove this assumption are lacking. Therefore, it would be beneficial to conduct more in-depth laboratory, greenhouse and field experiments in order to investigate the potential direct and indirect influence of temperature on the effectiveness of important fungicides. This would enable the establishment of appropriate recommendations for fungicide use in an increasingly warmer world and would assist the development of future fungicide solutions, based on improved knowledge.     

Influence of fusicoccin and gramicidin‐D on Rb+ transport in intact barley seedlings

The influence of the fungal toxin fusicoccin or the quasi‐ionophore gramicidin‐D on Rb⁺ transport in intact barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare cv Morex) was studied. Fusicoccin (1 μM) or gramlcidin‐D (3.2 μM) were added to absorption solutions which contained 0.1 mM RbCl and 0.5 mM CaSO₄, and the Rb⁺ content of roots and shoots determined over a 24 hour period. Roots of fusicoccin‐treated seedlings contained greater amounts of Rb⁺ throughout the entire course of the experiment, and roots of gramlcidin‐D treated seedlings contained greater amounts of Rb⁺ for the first 10 hours but contained smaller amounts of Rb⁺ for the rest of the experiment when compared with control seedlings. However, shoots of seedlings treated with fusicoccin or gramicidin‐D contained smaller amounts of Rb⁺ than the control seedlings throughout the entire course of the experiment. These results are discussed in terms of the interrelationships of the ion transport mechanisms which mediate the vectorial movement of ions from the absorption solution to the stelar apoplasm of the root.