分子模拟活性炭的方法及其应用进展

介绍了分子模拟和传统吸附理论的关系,综述了使用巨正则蒙特卡洛模拟和密度泛函理论方法对活性炭结构的研究,归纳了近年来分子模拟技术在作为特殊吸附剂的活性炭的理论设计、吸附性能预测和指导表面基团改性方面应用过程中的研究进展。目前对活性炭微观孔结构的分子模拟研究,多停留于理论层面的模拟研究,而缺少对微观结构和宏观性质之间关系的分析。在实际应用中结合发挥分子模拟微观层面分析的优势,是分子模拟技术在活性炭研究中的重要发展方向。     

湿地公园康复性景观功能分区研究——以闽江河口国家湿地公园为例

以闽江河口国家湿地公园为研究案例,采用问卷调查法、实地考察法和文献研究法,探索康复性景观在湿地公园中的功能分区。结果表明:(1)闽江河口国家湿地公园以生态保护为主,兼顾科普教育、观光休闲功能,有比较明显的康复效果,但还有很大发展空间;(2)受访游客认为湿地公园康复性景观知觉途径重要程度为视觉听觉嗅觉触觉味觉;(3)游客对目前湿地公园内康复性景观效果由强到弱的排序依次为自然植物群落时令花卉动物观测渔业风光主题博物馆其他;(4)游客对湿地公园增加康复活动的需求有安静冥想、园艺活动、动植物观赏、体育活动、群体活动。研究康复性景观在湿地公园中的功能分区,有助于提出康复性景观的设计策略,并有效解释生态景观设计与康复效果的关系。     

杨木和杉木木材表面性质的研究

以人工林杨木和杉木木材为研究对象 ,对其表面自由能、表面极性和表面化学官能团等木材表面特征因子进行测定 ,并探讨不同温度处理条件下木材表面特性的变化机理。研究结果表明 :杉木比杨木有较高的总表面自由能 (42 35mN·m- 1 对 38 93mN·m- 1 )和非极性表面自由能 (41 6 1mN·m- 1 对 35 5 2mN·m- 1 ) ,而杨木的极性表面自由能比杉木要高 (3 4 1mN·m- 1 对 0 74mN·m- 1 )。杨木和杉木木材经过不同温度处理后 ,其总表面自由能和非极性表面自由能都随着处理温度的升高而下降 ,而极性自由能则有不同程度的升高。产生此种现象的原因主要为木材表面羟基缔合状态的解除及表面脱羟基作用的综合结果。木材表面 3种主要化学官能团为羟基、烷基和缩醛基 ,在高温处理条件下 ,两种木材羟基对烷基和缩醛基吸收峰面积之比都有所下降 ,说明高温处理过程是一个使木材表面羟基密度减少的过程。木材表面自由能与木材表面化学官能团变化有明显的相关性。     

Division of ecological species groups and functional groups based on interspecific association — a case study of the tree layer in the tropical lowland rainforest of Jianfenling in Hainan Island, China

Twenty-three sample plots dominated by Vatica mangachapoi at various elevations in the tropical lowland rainforest in the Jianfengling National Nature Reserve of Hainan Island were established. The interspecific association among the 32 dominant species was analyzed and the division of ecological species groups and functional groups are discussed. The results showed that these dominant populations had an overall positive interspecific association. The species pairs with significant, positive association accounted for only about 10% of the total 496 species pairs. Most of the other species pairs showed weak association or non-association, i.e., the dominant populations investigated had relatively independent distributions. The 32 dominant species were divided into four ecological species groups and ten functional groups according to their interspecific association coefficients, based on a cluster analysis of the species. Recognition characteristics of the ten functional groups are proposed. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(4): 9–16 [译自: 林业科学]     

Single nucleotide polymorphism discovery of Pinus radiata with chromosome walking PCR method

In this paper, the basic principle of chromosome walking is presented and we used an actin gene of radiata pine (Pinus radiata) as an example to conduct upstream and downstream chromosome walking for EST sequences. The full genomic sequence (2154 bp) of the actin gene, including promoters 5′ UTR, CDS and 3′ UTR, was identified by chromosome walking. PCR amplification and DNA band sequencing from 200 unrelated radiata pine trees revealed a total of 21 SNPs for the actin gene, three in the promoter region, 15 in CDS and 4 in 3′ UTR. The results of this experiment provide a technical framework for SNPs discovery in none coding regions of candidate genes. __________ Translated from Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 2007, 27 (8): 1571–1576 [译自: 西北植物学报]     

海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林生理生态功能群特征

在海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林,野外测定获得3个与植物-大气相互作用直接相关的生理生态特性指标(最大净光合速率、最大气孔导度和比叶面积),应用等级聚类分析和NMS排序方法对热带山地雨林的主要植物进行功能群划分,分析热带山地雨林4个演替阶段(初期、早期、中期和后期)生理生态功能群组成及其动态规律。结果表明:海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林的87个主要植物种类可划分为8个功能群,检验结果显示功能群间存在显著差异,而功能群内同质性较高;功能群的丰富度及相对多度在不同演替阶段差异显著;功能群的丰富度在演替初期最低,演替早、中期最高,演替后期略有降低;演替初期的优势功能群光合能力强,水分利用效率低,演替早、中期的优势功能群光合能力、水分利用效率均为中等;演替后期的优势功能群光合能力偏低,水分利用效率高。     

不同品种小麦与蚕豆间作对蚕豆枯萎病发生、根系分泌物和根际微生物群落功能多样性的影响

通过田间小区试验和盆栽试验,研究了3个不同品种小麦［云麦42（YM42）,云麦47（YM47）和绵阳29（MY29）］与蚕豆间作对蚕豆枯萎病发生、 根系分泌物和根际微生物群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明,云麦42与蚕豆间作处理（YM42//B）和云麦47与蚕豆间作处理（YM47//B）使蚕豆枯萎病病情指数分别降低47.6%和33.3%,而绵阳29与蚕豆间作处理（MY29//B）对蚕豆枯萎病病情指数无显著影响。与蚕豆单作相比,YM42//B和YM47//B处理显著增加了根系分泌物中有机酸的含量,显著降低了根系分泌物中可溶性总糖和游离氨基酸含量; 显著提高了蚕豆根际微生物对碳源的利用强度,明显改变了蚕豆根际微生物群落结构,并且YM42//B处理的影响大于YM47//B; 而MY29//B处理对碳源利用强度、 根际微生物群落结构和根系分泌物中有机酸、 可溶性总糖和游离氨基酸含量均无显著影响。 YM42//B处理根际微生物利用碳源的种类比YM47//B处理多,同时YM42//B和YM47//B处理利用的糖类、 氨基酸类和羧酸类碳源种类完全不同。表明云麦42和云麦47与蚕豆间作通过增加有机酸含量,从而提高根际微生物活性和多样性,促进了根际微生物利用更多的碳源,同时云麦42和云麦47与蚕豆间作抑制了氨基酸和总糖的分泌,而最终控制了蚕豆枯萎病的发生。表明不同品种小麦与蚕豆间作系统根系分泌物-根际微生物的互作是影响蚕豆枯萎病抗性的重要原因。小麦与蚕豆间作控病效果受小麦品种的影响,以云麦42与蚕豆间作效果最好,其次为云麦47与蚕豆间作,而绵阳29与蚕豆间作无显著控病效果。     

功能性食肉的研究现状与发展趋势

功能性食肉的需求量随着国民经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高不断增长.西方国家对功能性食肉早已开发,并有了迅猛发展,而我国正处于开发研究阶段.本文概述了功能性食肉的开发应用现状,同时指出了功能性食肉的发展方向.     

Fine Mapping QTLs Affecting Milk Production Traits on BTA6 in Chinese Holstein with SNP Markers

Our previous studies demonstrated that the region around markers BMS470 and BMS1242 on BTA6 showed a linkage to 305-d milk yield and composition traits in the Chinese Holstein population. We herein focused on such narrow region to fine map milk production QTLs with 15 SNPs across 25 Mb with each SNP in 1 Mb within most regions in a Chinese Holstein population with daughter design. 1 449 Holstein cows and 11 sires were genotyped for such SNPs by using TaqMan probe and RFLP assays. Multipoint linkage analysis across family revealed a QTL affecting milk yield between PPARGC1A C4075T and SLC34A2 T1713C. Meanwhile, within family analysis found three milk yield QTLs (two in CR T60984131G-CEP135 C501T and one in PDLIM5 A106C-OPN T3907, a fat yield QTLin UGDH T1670C-CR T60984131G region, and two protein yield QTLs in TBC1D1 G501C-UGDH T1670C and PPARGC1A C4075T-SLC34A2 T1713C, respectively. Associations between aforementioned significant SNP markers and milk production traits were further implemented. We found significant associations of PPARGC1A C4075T, SLC34A2 T1713C with milk yield (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.01), UGDH T1670C, and CR T60984131G with fat yield (P<0.01, P<0.01), and PPARGC1A C4075T, SLC34A2 T1713C, UGDH T1670C and OPN T3907 with protein yield (P<0.01, P<0.01, P<0.01, P<0.01). Our findings implied that QTLs affecting milk production traits on BTA6 were pleictropism or multigenic effect and PPARGC1A and OPN may be the causal mutations behind milk production QTLs on BTA6 in the Chinese Holstein population.     

Functional Diversity and Size of Soil Microbial Communities Induced by Different Land Management Systems

Abstract

Soil microorganisms drive nutrients cycling to a great extent, and they play an essential role in maintaining a stable soil ecosystem and ensuring sustainable forestry development. Land management has been proven to be a real factor in influencing soil quality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different land management techniques on soil microbial communities. There were four types of land management systems selected for this study: natural masson pine, Phyllostachy pubescens, Phyllostachys praecox, and vegetable. Soils were sampled from these four systems and assayed for soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), community level substrate utilization pattern, functional diversity, and principle component analysis. Values of MBC were significantly different (P<0.05) from one another in the order of masson pine>Phyllostachy pubescens>Phyllostachys Praecox>vegetable. Analysis of community level substrate utilization pattern indicated that carbon source utilization and total activity by soil microorganisms were greater under the masson pine system than the other three systems (P<0.01). The functional diversities of soil microbial communities characterized as Shannon and McIntosh indexes were much richer in soil under masson pine system; Shannon index was 4.483, 4.241, 4.224, and 3.938 and McIntosh index was 13.51, 7.332, 6.272, and 6.261 for natural masson pine, Phyllostachy pubescens. Phyllostachys praecox, and vegetable systems, respectively. The results from the principle components analysis (PCA), based on the data of optical density (OD) at 120 h of incubation, showed that the value of the first principal component (PC1) of soil for natural masson pine was greater (P<0.05) than those for the other three systems. The difference in scores of the second principal component (PC2) between Phyllostachy pubescens, Phyllostachys praecox, and vegetable were not statistically different. The size and activity of soil microbial communities generally decreased with soil depth, with significant differences in soil MBC, community level substrate utilization pattern, and functional diversity indexes found between A and C horizons (P<0.01). It was concluded that land management systems had a great influence on soil microbial biomass, activity, and functional diversity.