复方新诺明对甜瓜种子萌发及活力的影响

以甜瓜种子为试材，通过SMZ-TMP预处理，研究了SMZ-TMP对甜瓜种子萌发质量及相关生理特性的作用。结果表明：较低浓度预处理明显促进了甜瓜种子萌发和生长，其萌发指数、发芽势、发芽率、根冠比和生物学产量等指标呈显著增长趋势，其中以0．4mg／L处理的效果极为显著。不同浓度的SMZ-TMP溶液均可降低甜瓜的相对电导率和MDA含量，但相对电导率和MDA含量的下降幅度随SMZ-TMP浓度的增加而减少。SMZ-TMP浸种使甜瓜萌芽的蛋白质和氨基酸总量都有显著提高。     

天祝县草产业发展的制约因素及其对策

通过分析天祝县草产业发展现状，指出天祝县草产业发展存在的问题，提出要大力发展天祝县草产业必须加强天然草原综合改良，科学合理利用草原资源，建立人工草地和牧草种子繁育基地，开发草产品；建立多元化的投入机制，培植草产业开发的龙头企业；进一步完善草地管理制度，全面彻底地落实草原有偿承包责任制；建立信息网络体系，把信息网络纳入畜牧业基础设施建设范围内，建立健全草畜产品信息网络。     

添喂葵花籽油对山羊瘤胃消化代谢与瘤胃液脂肪酸组成的影响

为研究亚油酸底物葵花籽油对山羊瘤胃消化代谢和瘤胃液脂肪酸组成的影响,以5只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的雌性成年徐淮白山羊为试验动物,采用自身对照设计,对照期和试验期（添喂葵花籽油7 mL/d）各15 d,低精料日粮常规饲养。每期结束后采集瘤胃液进行分析。结果表明,添喂葵花籽油后,瘤胃液pH无显著变化;而氨氮（NH3-N）水平和TVFA显著升高（P〈0.05）;乙、丙酸含量显著增加（P〈0.05）,而乙、丙、丁酸比例（C2＋C4）/C3比值和微生物粗蛋白（MCP）均无明显变化;（C18∶1）和c9,t11-CLA（P〈0.05）浓度均明显升高。表明在山羊日粮中添加一定量的葵花籽油,可在不改变瘤胃发酵类型和不影响瘤胃微生物本身的情况下促进瘤胃消化代谢,调节瘤胃液脂肪酸组成。     

补饲不同品质饲草对哺乳期犊牛营养物质消化率和生长发育的影响

选择母体体格和体况相近，犊牛健康、出生体重和体尺相近的荷斯坦公犊牛10头，随机分为2组（n=5），分别补饲玉米秸秆（CFS）和青干草(H)，通过消化试验和饲养试验，探讨了犊牛哺乳期补饲不同品质的饲草对营养物质摄入量、消化率和生长发育的影响。定量饲喂牛奶，自由采食精料和饲草。结果显示：断奶时，2组牛精料采食量基本一致；粗料采食量H组高于CFS组(554.4 g/d和172.0 g/d,P<0.01)；H组干物质采食量高于CFS组13.4%，但差异不显著(P>0.05)。H组DM和EE消化率略高于CFS组(P>0.05)。H组NDF、ADF消化率比CFS组分别提高了17.53%(P<0.01)、101.26%(P<0.01)，但总干物质、粗蛋白质等其他营养物质消化率无明显差异( P>0.05)。H组日增重比CFS组提高了8.19%（696.3 g/d和753.2 g/d，P>0.05）；胸围、胸宽增量分别提高了5.20%、78.26%，但差异均不显著（P>0.05）；体高、体长增量组间无明显差异（P>0.05）。另外，观察到补饲H的犊牛后躯发育明显优于补饲CFS。结果表明：哺乳期间补饲青干草，可提高断奶时犊牛干物质采食量和营养物质消化率，特别是纤维性物质的摄入和消化；有利于小母牛更早、更多地利用粗饲料，有利于其向乳用方向发育。     

影响牧草再生性的因素分析

对影响牧草再生性的诸因素进行了分析,阐明了牧草再生性对刈割和放牧利用方式的响应,以及刈割和放牧后牧草体内贮藏的碳水化合物和氮素在再生中的变化规律及作用,为草地的放牧利用和刈割提供了理论和技术依据。     

披碱草野生种质材料芽期耐盐性研究

通过对20份来自不同地区的披碱草野生种质材料在0、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%浓度盐胁迫下的相对发芽率、相对发芽势、致死浓度等指标的综合评价,筛选出耐盐材料4份(G8、G17、G18、G19),分别来自甘肃古浪县、山西沁源、甘肃古浪县、山西五台山;敏盐材料3份(G2、G3、G5),分别来自北京百花山、北京灵山、新疆吉阜康白杨沟;其他为中等耐盐材料。     

Simulating the cumulative effects of multiple forest management strategies on landscape measures of forest sustainability

While the cumulative effects of the actions of multiple owners have long been recognized as critically relevant to efforts to maintain sustainable forests at the landscape scale, few studies have addressed these effects. We used the HARVEST timber harvest simulator to predict the cumulative effects of four owner groups (two paper companies, a state forest and non-industrial private owners) with different management objectives on landscape pattern in an upper Michigan landscape managed primarily for timber production. We quantified trends in landscape pattern metrics that were linked to Montreal Process indicators of forest sustainability, and used a simple wildlife habitat model to project habitat trends. Our results showed that most trends were considered favorable for forest sustainability, but that some were not. The proportion of all age classes and some forest types moved closer to presettlement conditions. The trend for the size of uneven-aged patches was essentially flat while the average size of patches of the oldest and youngest age classes increased and the size of patches of the remaining age classes decreased. Forest fragmentation generally declined, but edge density of age classes increased. Late seral forest habitat increased while early successional habitat declined. The owners use different management systems that cumulatively produce a diversity of habitats. Our approach provides a tool to evaluate such cumulative effects on other landscapes owned by multiple owners. The approach holds promise for helping landowner groups develop and evaluate cooperative strategies to improve landscape patterns for forest sustainability.     

Detection of lethal yellowing phytoplasma in embryos from coconut palms infected with Cape St Paul wilt disease in Ghana

This study investigated the potential of seed transmission of Cape St. Paul wilt disease (CSPWD) in coconuts. PCR amplification was used to assess the distribution of phytoplasmas in parts of West African Tall (WAT) palms infected with CSPWD. Employing phytoplasma universal primer pair P1/P7 in standard PCR, or followed with a nested PCR using CSPWD–specific primer pair G813f/AwkaSR, phytoplasma infection was detected in the trunks, peduncles, spikelets, male and female flowers of four infected WAT coconut palms. Through nested PCR, phytoplasma was also detected in four of 19 embryo DNA samples extracted individually from fruits harvested from three of the four infected palms and was confirmed as CSPWD by cloning and sequencing. Subsequently, CSPWD phytoplasma was again detected in five of 33 embryos from nine infected palms, and in one of eight fruits from two symptomless palms. Fruits from infected palms recorded higher percentage germinations in two field nurseries (average of 71·0%) compared to fruits from healthy palms (average of 57·6%), and matured fruits that had dropped from infected palms showed the same levels of germination as those harvested directly from the palms. This indicates that infected fruits retain the ability to germinate whether harvested or dropped. No phytoplasmas were detected in any of the resulting seedlings and plantlets obtained through embryo in-vitro culture. Therefore, although phytoplasma DNA can be detected in embryos, there is as yet no evidence that the pathogen is seed transmitted through to the seedling to cause disease in progeny palms.     

Differential ability of alcohol fermentation between the seeds of flooding-tolerant and flooding-susceptible varieties of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.

Seed germination and respiratory metabolism under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were studied in the flooding-tolerant and flooding-susceptible varieties of Echinochloa crus-galli with an identical genome and common ancestry . In the flooding-tolerant E. crus-galli var. formosensis , the seeds imbibed under nitrogen could germinate and exhibited an I/N quotient > 0.6. They accelerated glycolysis and concomitantly produced large and equimolar quantities of carbon dioxide and ethanol, suggesting that the seeds of this variety showed operation of the Pasteur effect and respired through alcohol fermentation under anaerobic conditions. The seeds excreted most of the toxic fermentation product. In contrast, the seeds of the flooding-susceptible E. crus-galli var. praticola were capable of germinating only under aerobic conditions through the conventional aerobic respiration and were unable to anaerobically respire to germinate through alcohol fermentation regardless of the presence of both sufficient alcohol dehydrogenase activity and a high redox charge of the pyridine nucleotides.     

Development of a spot plow providing complete inversion for effective weed control

Tillage for the "complete inversion" of soil, that is, overturning soil slices 180° was proposed, a "spot plow" was developed and tested to accomplish the task, and a simulation model was evaluated to demonstrate the efficacy of the plow on weed control. A 360 mm wide spot plow was designed to operate at a speed of 1.9 m s⁻¹ for the spot plowing with the least possible lateral displacement of the soil slice by utilizing the inertia of the soil slice and securely rotating it. In field experiments, complete spot inversion required an operating speed of at least 1.6 m s⁻¹; at lower speeds, a portion of the soil block was left half-inverted and further lowering led to considerable lateral displacement. The displacement in the forward and lateral directions was minimal, implying that spot plowing is suitable for potential application to and verification of the weed population dynamics model in the field. A simple linear matrix model of the population dynamics of annual weeds was proposed, whereby four layers of soil were set to describe tillage and other ecological events. The effect of tillage on weed control was evaluated by the equilibrium reproduction rate allowed to sustain a stable population of weeds. The simulation model showed that alternately changing the depth of spot plowing had a significant effect on controlling weeds of low-survival-rate seeds, even when some incomplete inversion of the soil slice was taken into account.