马科学研究动态和马业发展

马业是历史悠久的产业．分布于世界各地，世界马业的发展方向是现代马业，以赛马为代表。综述了马的遗传改良、营养研究、繁殖技术、疾病控制等方面的研究动态．对马业的发展趋势，以及马匹的调教、管理等方面作了综合的阐述。     

几种绵羊常用粗饲料GI的测定及其代谢能模型化研究

在测定5类9种粗饲料及3个混合粗饲料的常规成分基础上,实测了它们的粗饲料分级指数(GI):大青山草地早熟禾3.4758、沙打旺3.3731、苜蓿1.7202、混粗C21.1797、青干草1.1029、混粗C10.7852、羊草0.5684、玉米青贮0.4152、玉米秸0.1985、谷草0.1728、混粗D0.0805、苏丹草0.0687,并就GI与饲料相对值(RFV)对粗饲料品质的分级进行了比较,表明GI要优于RFV,同时证明:GI还可以用于混合粗饲料的优化与牧草刈割期的确定。研究并建立了预测粗饲料代谢能(ME)的模型:ME(MJ/kg)=-11.7492 0.5959IVDM(D%)-0.0044[IVDM(D%)]2,其中IVDMD为体外干物质消化率。     

羊草种子萌发相关基因的筛选及表达分析

前期实验表明,变温处理(28 ℃ 12 h/16 ℃ 12 h)可显著提高羊草种子的萌发率,且羊草种子萌发中的第1天是接受变温信号的关键时期。以此为研究基础,结合羊草种子变温萌发的转录组测序数据,针对羊草种子萌发初期对变温处理的响应筛选出与种子萌发、休眠及低温相关的基因24个,利用测序结果中这些基因的RPKM值制作基因表达热图并分析其表达差异。以萌发率高、低的两种羊草种质的种子为材料,对24个基因在恒温12 h(28 ℃)和变温1 d(28 ℃ 12 h/16 ℃ 12 h)萌发处理中的表达分别进行了定量分析。结果表明,与恒温对照相比,变温处理12 h后,表达明显上调的基因有SAIN1,PP2C62,EXPB3,EXPB4,GA3ox,EXPA2和EXPA7,而表达明显下调的基因有bHLH49,GID1,ABI8,Chi1,11833,CBF3,NAC2,PP2C72,SAIN2和5423。通过进一步分析相关基因在高、低萌发率两个种质中表达的差异,筛选出其中可能与羊草种子萌发相关的基因有几丁质酶基因Chi1,转录因子基因CBF3,羊草新基因5423,赤霉素合成基因GA3ox,细胞松弛素蛋白基因EXPB4和羊草新基因SAIN1,将为下一步阐明羊草种子萌发的分子作用机理奠定基础。     

新疆沙尔套山四季放牧草地主要牧草营养价值变化特征研究

以新疆昭苏县域内沙尔套山分布的12种主要牧草为研究对象,对其营养物质和瘤胃体外消化率特征进行分析,以期揭示各牧草营养物质和消化率的季节性变化规律。结果表明,各牧草的营养物质含量和消化率特征指标均存在明显的季节性变化规律。通过模糊相似优先比分析,综合营养物质(干物质、粗蛋白、中/酸性洗涤纤维、粗脂肪、粗灰分)和瘤胃体外消化率特征(有机物消化率、代谢能)的8项指标进行综合营养价值评价,主要结论为:1)研究区放牧草地12种主要牧草中针茅、芨芨草、紫花鸢尾综合营养价值最佳季节在春季营养生长期(6月),其余牧草均为夏季开花期(7月)。2)春季营养生长期(6月)和秋季果后营养期(9月),综合营养价值最好的均为鸭茅;夏季开花期(7月),综合价值最好的牧草为西伯利亚羽衣草;秋季结实期(8月),综合营养价值最好的牧草为红花车轴草;冬季停止生长(10月)和枯草期(11月),综合营养价值最好的分别为针茅和紫花鸢尾。     

A survey of northern Victorian dairy farmers to investigate dairy calf management: colostrum feeding and management

Objectives

To describe colostrum management practices carried out in northern Victorian dairy herds and to identify weaknesses in these areas that may affect calf health and welfare by comparing the results with the current industry recommendations

Methods

A questionnaire to obtain information about colostrum management and calf‐rearing practices was sent to commercial dairy farming clients of Rochester Veterinary Practice between June and September 2013. The questionnaire consisted of a general herd overview and colostrum harvesting practices.

Results

The response rate was 39% (58/150). Many dairy producers were not meeting the current industry recommendations in the following areas: (1) time of removal calf from the dam, (2) relying on calf suckling colostrum from the dam to achieve adequate passive transfer, (3) failing to supplement calves with colostrum, (4) feeding inadequate volumes of colostrum, (5) delayed colostrum harvesting, (6) pooling of colostrum, (7) failing to objectively assess colostrum quality or relying on visual assessment and (8) storing colostrum for a prolonged periods of time at ambient temperatures.

Conclusion

The results from this survey highlight the need for greater awareness of industry standards for colostrum management and feeding hygiene.

     

Effects of concentrate‐to‐forage ratios and 2‐methylbutyrate supplementation on ruminal fermentation,bacteria abundance and urinary excretion of purine derivatives in Chinese Simmental steers

This study evaluated the effects of dietary concentrate levels and 2‐methylbutyrate (2MB ) supplementation on performance, ruminal fermentation, bacteria abundance, microbial enzyme activity and urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD ) in steers. Eight ruminally cannulated Simmental steers (12 months of age; 389 ± 3.7 kg of body weight) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Moderate‐concentrate (400 g/kg diet [MC ]) or high‐concentrate (600 g/kg diet [HC ]) diets were fed with or without 2MB (0 g/day [2MB ?] or 15.0 g/day [2MB +]). Dry matter intake and average daily gain increased, but feed conversion ratio decreased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Ruminal pH decreased, but total volatile fatty acid increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Molar proportion of acetate and acetate‐to‐propionate ratio decreased with the HC diet, but increased with 2MB supplementation. Propionate molar proportion and ruminal NH ₃‐N content increased with the HC diet, but decreased with 2MB supplementation. Neutral detergent fibre degradability decreased with the HC diet, but increased with 2MB supplementation. Crude protein degradability increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Abundance of Ruminococcus albus , Ruminococcus flavefaciens , Fibrobacter succinogenes and Bufyrivibrio fibrisolvens as well as activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, cellobiase, xylanase and pectinase decreased with the HC diet, but increased with 2MB supplementation. However, abundance of Prevotella ruminicola and Ruminobacter amylophilus as well as activities of α‐amylase and protease increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Total PD excretion also increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. The results suggested that growth performance, ruminal fermentation, CP degradability and total PD excretion increased with increasing dietary concentrate level from 40% to 60% or 2MB supplementation. The observed diet × 2MB interaction indicated that supplementation of 2MB was more efficacious for improving growth performance, ruminal fermentation and total PD excretion with promoted ruminal bacteria abundance and enzyme activity in the MC diet than in the HC diet.     

黄土高原人工灌草系统不同立地条件土壤种子库特征

本研究通过野外调查取样与室内试验相结合，连续两年对黄土高原人工灌草系统不同坡向、坡位进行取样，以期对该区土壤种子库的物种组成、密度特征及其物种多样性进行初步了解。研究结果表明：该人工灌草生态系统土壤种子库共有9科，15种，其组成因坡位、坡向以及年份而异；坡向、坡位均显著影响土壤种子库物种多样性指数、丰富度指数与土壤种子库密度（P<0.05），土壤种子库密度为3 218～5 492粒·m^-2，总体呈现为阴坡显著高于阳坡（P<0.05），下坡位显著高于上坡位（P<0.05）；坡位和坡向均对物种均匀性系数无显著影响；年份对土壤种子库无显著影响。上述研究可为黄土高原人工灌草系统的可持续利用与恢复提供参考依据。     

推进四川兴文县竹产业高质量发展加快乡村振兴进程的思考

竹产业是兼具生态和经济效益的产业，四川省兴文县把竹产业作为振兴乡村的支柱产业进行打造，在全县各乡镇大力发展，取得了一定成效。文章在总结兴文县竹产业发展取得成效的基础上，分析了竹产业中存在的问题，对进一步推进兴文县竹产业高质量发展、加快乡村振兴进程提出了建议。     

小洲村古村落旅游开发探析

主要探讨了小洲村古村落旅游资源情况、古村落旅游发展状况以及需要解决的问题。     

铺地竹叶片对结球生菜种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响

采用基质盆栽试验,研究了铺地竹(Sasa argenteastriatus E.G.Camus)叶片对结球生菜(Lactucasativa L.var.capitata L.)种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,结果表明,铺地竹叶片粉末对结球生菜种子的萌发和幼根生长具有一定的抑制作用,随着浓度的增加抑制作用增强,在50～200 g/m2的范围内,幼根抑制率为12.15%～28.91%。在50～100 g/m2的用量下,铺地竹叶片对结球生菜苗长表现为促进生长作用,而在200 g/m2时,则表现为抑制生长作用。施用铺地竹叶片后3 d、6 d、9 d和12 d,结球生菜幼苗的叶绿素含量特别是叶绿素a的含量显著减少,随着基质中叶片粉末浓度的增加,结球生菜叶绿素含量降低,叶绿素a含量高低依次为对照、低浓度处理、中浓度处理、高浓度处理。随着处理后时间的延长,竹叶对结球生菜叶片叶绿素a含量的影响减弱。这个结果进一步验证了自然条件下铺地竹叶片对植物生长的化感效应,说明其具有开发植物源除草剂的潜力,为研究铺地竹叶片中的化感物质提供了佐证。