围栏内海南坡鹿饲草相对可采食资源量测定

在海南大田国家级自然保护区围栏内用样方法测定海南坡鹿Cervus eldi Hainan经常采食的18种草本和18种灌木类饲草的相对可采食资源量.研究表明,坡鹿对植物部位有较强的选择性采食,对草本植物只采食植株上部约1/2段;对灌木只采食主枝条上部约2/5段上的青绿叶片和小枝梢上端约3 cm处.按干物质计算,草本类饲草的生物量为0.74 kg/m2,灌木类饲草的生物量为0.22 kg/m2.无论草本还是灌木类,饲草的相对可采食资源量相差很大,最小为1.16%,最大为16.68%.各种饲草相对可采食资源量的差异性与坡鹿在围栏内对饲草的选择性采食有关.     

Influence of amount and frequency of protein supplementation to steers consuming low-quality,cool-season forage: intake,nutrient digestibility,and ruminal fermentation

This experiment evaluated the influence of protein supplementation frequency (SF) and amount offered on intake, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation by rumen-fistulated beef steers consuming low-quality [2.9% crude protein (CP); dry matter (DM) basis], cool-season forage. Seven Angus × Hereford steers (300 ± 27 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulas were randomly assigned to 1 of 7 treatments in an incomplete 7 × 4 Latin square. Treatments, in a 2 × 3 factorial design plus a non-supplemented control (CON), consisted of 2 levels of supplemental soybean meal, 100% (F) or 50% (H) of the estimated rumen-degradable protein requirement, provided daily (D), once every 5 d (5D), or once every 10 d (10D). Experimental periods were 30 d and dry matter intake (DMI) was measured from days 19 to 28. On days 21 (all supplements provided) and 30 (only daily supplements provided; day immediately prior to supplementation for 5D and 10D treatments) ruminal fluid was collected for ruminal pH, ammonia-N (NH₃), volatile fatty acids (VFA), and determination of ruminal fermentation variables. Forage and total DM, organic matter (OM), and nitrogen (N) intake increased with supplementation (P ≤ 0.04). However, a linear effect of SF × amount of supplement interaction was observed for forage and total DM, OM, and N intake (P ≤ 0.04), with each variable decreasing as SF decreased, but the decrease being greater with F vs. H. Apparent total tract DM, OM, and neutral detergent fiber digestibility was not affected by supplementation or amount of supplement provided (P ≥ 0.10). In contrast, N digestibility increased with supplementation and for F vs. H (P < 0.01). Digestibility of DM, OM, and N increased linearly as SF decreased (P ≤ 0.03). When all supplements were provided, ruminal NH₃, total VFA, and molar proportions of all individual VFA increased with supplementation (P ≤ 0.04), whereas acetate:propionate ratio decreased (P < 0.01). When only daily supplements were provided, none of the aforementioned fermentation parameters were affected (P ≥ 0.09). In summary, reducing the amount of supplemental CP provided to ruminants consuming low-quality forages, when supplementation intervals are >5 d, can be a management tool to maintain acceptable levels of DMI, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation while reducing supplementation cost.     

贵州优良草品种引种选育及应用

贵州主要地方优良草种选育及利用在贵州草地畜牧业发展和石漠化治理中具有重要意义,研究结合近年来的科研工作,综述了贵州近30年来在主要地方优良草种选育利用方面的主要成就。结果表明,自贵州草地畜牧业兴起以来,广大科技人员为解决草地生产用种问题,先后引进国内外优良草种10余种累计100多份品种资源,并多次考察收集贵州野生牧草品种资源近1 000份,经过整理、鉴定,发掘了一批重要的育种材料。近15年来,采用引种驯化筛选、选择育种等方法先后选育牧草新品种9个,对促进贵州草地畜牧业的发展做出了一定的贡献。还分析了贵州牧草育种存在的主要问题并展望了今后育种研究的主要方向。     

几种绵羊常用粗饲料GI的测定及其代谢能模型化研究

在测定5类9种粗饲料及3个混合粗饲料的常规成分基础上,实测了它们的粗饲料分级指数(GI):大青山草地早熟禾3.4758、沙打旺3.3731、苜蓿1.7202、混粗C21.1797、青干草1.1029、混粗C10.7852、羊草0.5684、玉米青贮0.4152、玉米秸0.1985、谷草0.1728、混粗D0.0805、苏丹草0.0687,并就GI与饲料相对值(RFV)对粗饲料品质的分级进行了比较,表明GI要优于RFV,同时证明:GI还可以用于混合粗饲料的优化与牧草刈割期的确定。研究并建立了预测粗饲料代谢能(ME)的模型:ME(MJ/kg)=-11.7492 0.5959IVDM(D%)-0.0044[IVDM(D%)]2,其中IVDMD为体外干物质消化率。     

科学饲喂原理与方法——如何提高饲料利用率

主要从家畜营养、生态角度出发 ,围绕如何提高饲料利用率问题 ,重点讲述了饲料生产和家畜饲养两个环节中应注意的问题 ,包括 :饲料营养中负组合效应的消除 ,毒物和抗营养因子的消除 ;鉴于草食动物的特殊性 ,饲养中就如何控制瘤胃发酵阐述了改变饲养程序、水平和日粮成分 ,用活性剂补充日粮 ,非蛋白氮的有效利用和过瘤胃技术 ;最后是如何减轻家畜冷热应激等。     

补饲不同品质饲草对哺乳期犊牛营养物质消化率和生长发育的影响

选择母体体格和体况相近，犊牛健康、出生体重和体尺相近的荷斯坦公犊牛10头，随机分为2组（n=5），分别补饲玉米秸秆（CFS）和青干草(H)，通过消化试验和饲养试验，探讨了犊牛哺乳期补饲不同品质的饲草对营养物质摄入量、消化率和生长发育的影响。定量饲喂牛奶，自由采食精料和饲草。结果显示：断奶时，2组牛精料采食量基本一致；粗料采食量H组高于CFS组(554.4 g/d和172.0 g/d,P<0.01)；H组干物质采食量高于CFS组13.4%，但差异不显著(P>0.05)。H组DM和EE消化率略高于CFS组(P>0.05)。H组NDF、ADF消化率比CFS组分别提高了17.53%(P<0.01)、101.26%(P<0.01)，但总干物质、粗蛋白质等其他营养物质消化率无明显差异( P>0.05)。H组日增重比CFS组提高了8.19%（696.3 g/d和753.2 g/d，P>0.05）；胸围、胸宽增量分别提高了5.20%、78.26%，但差异均不显著（P>0.05）；体高、体长增量组间无明显差异（P>0.05）。另外，观察到补饲H的犊牛后躯发育明显优于补饲CFS。结果表明：哺乳期间补饲青干草，可提高断奶时犊牛干物质采食量和营养物质消化率，特别是纤维性物质的摄入和消化；有利于小母牛更早、更多地利用粗饲料，有利于其向乳用方向发育。     

影响牧草再生性的因素分析

对影响牧草再生性的诸因素进行了分析,阐明了牧草再生性对刈割和放牧利用方式的响应,以及刈割和放牧后牧草体内贮藏的碳水化合物和氮素在再生中的变化规律及作用,为草地的放牧利用和刈割提供了理论和技术依据。     

微肥在饲料玉米优质高产中应用的研究

Zn、B、Mn三种微肥在一定浓度下能够促进饲料玉米生长,增强玉米的抗性、提高饲草和果实的产量。其中B肥的有效浓度为800mg/m3,能够提高叶面积指数7.27%,鲜草产量8.40%;Mn肥的有效浓度为600×10-6,能够提高叶面积指数5.36%,提高饲草产量6.30%;Zn肥的最佳浓度为600×10-6,能够提高果实产量9.23%。     

牧草种质资源繁殖更新技术规程

依照《农作物种质资源整理技术规程》,结合国家种质牧草中期库和多年生牧草圃在牧草种质资源繁殖更新技术方面取得的丰富经验,并针对存在问题制定“牧草种质资源繁殖更新技术规程”,使得牧草种质资源进行更科学的繁殖更新,为遗传完整且稳定的活种质的保存和利用提供依据。     

Effects of corn straw or mixed forage diet on rumen fermentation parameters of lactating cows using a wireless data logger

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two different forage types on rumen fermentation parameters and profiles using a wireless data logger. Eight lactating cows were randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments with a low forage diet with corn straw (CS) or a high forage diet with mixed forage (MF) as the forage source, respectively. Dietary physically effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF) content was 11.3% greater in CS. Dry matter intake and milk fatty acid content decreased upon CS (P < 0.05). Ruminal pH, temperature and oxidation reduction potential (ORP) were monitored for 14 weeks. The CS group had significantly higher pH but lower temperature and ORP compared to MF (P < 0.01). With the CS diet regime, pH at the time before morning feeding, rumination and post‐ingestion were significantly higher than those in the MF group (P < 0.05). However, times with the ruminal pH below 6.0 and 5.8 were significantly reduced (P < 0.05), whereas ruminal pH below 5.6 tended to be lower (P = 0.07). The results indicated that rumen fermentation parameters were affected by forage types and dietary peNDF content might be predominant in ruminal pH regulation.