中草药复方制剂对猪口蹄疫免疫过程中NK细胞的影响

将70头30日龄仔猪随机分成7组,每组10头,在口蹄疫免疫过程中按1%添加剂量使用中草药复方制剂,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别在免疫前5天、3天、当天开始连续饲喂3天,Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组分别在免疫前5天、3天、当天饲喂1天。对照组（Ⅶ组）不喂药。分别于免疫前一天和免疫后14d、21d、28d和二免后28d,采血检测NK细胞数量。结果表明：投药组NK细胞数量均高于对照组,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组NK细胞数量高于Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组,Ⅱ组NK细胞数量最高,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与对照组差异显著（P<0.05）,Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组与对照组差异不显著（P>0.05）。     

Influence of environmental pH modulation on efficiency of apoplastic PR proteins during Fusarium culmorum– wheat seedling interaction

Variation of apoplastic pH by Fusarium culmorum and its influence on the production, activity and isoenzymes patterns of the pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins β1,3‐glucanase, chitinase and peroxidase enzymes were detected in apoplastic fluids (AFs) from infected wheat seedlings. The time course in the 24–48 h interval post infection was characterized by an increase in activity and isoenzymatic differential induction of the selected PR proteins and by a concomitant rise of apoplastic pH. Chitinase attained maximum activity at pH 8·0 in the case of inoculated seedlings. Optimal β1,3‐glucanase activity in the pH range 6·0–8·0, was observed at pH 7·0. Peroxidase was strongly affected by pH, with enzyme activity having a maximum rate at pH 6·0 and thereafter rapidly declining at higher pH. Maximum peroxidase activity paralleled the appearance of the complete isoenzymatic pattern. In order to investigate the biological role of PR proteins in AFs, the in vitro antifungal activity was evaluated. In the interval 0–6 h, pH of macroconidia suspensions rose up to 7·2. AFs revealed inhibitory activity against germinating macroconidia of F. culmorum by decreasing the germination efficiency of macroconidia apical compartments, while this effect was compensated by an increased germination capacity of middle compartments. Present results suggest that during infection of wheat seedlings by F. culmorum the pH modulation favours host colonization by enhancing the activity of pectin lyase, and simultaneously inhibits the capacity of the host to oppose the pathogen by interfering with peroxidases which represent an important component of the defence arsenal.     

自适应低振动步行轮仿生设计与性能分析

为提高具有高通过性的步行轮平顺性,基于鸵鸟足运动姿态与跖趾关节储能减振机理,运用工程仿生学原理与技术,设计了一种仿生自适应低振动步行轮。有限元数值模拟结果表明,轮上载荷30 N,角速度10(°)/s情况下,相比于传统步行轮,仿生步行轮轮心波动范围在软路面和硬路面分别降低了85.71%和93.33%。采用轻载荷月壤/车轮土槽测试系统验证了仿生步行轮的减振性能。当滑转率小于40%时,仿生步行轮的挂钩牵引力均大于传统步行轮;当滑转率大于40%,且仅在角速度为20(°)/s时,仿生步行轮的挂钩牵引力才小于传统步行轮,表明仿生步行轮在松软地面具有较好的牵引通过性。同时,相比于传统步行轮,当角速度为30(°)/s时,仿生步行轮在软路面和硬路面的加速度分别减少了6.3%和15.8%,振幅分别减小了14.6%和9.6%。在保证松软地面优越牵引通过性能前提下,仿生步行轮比传统步行轮的轮心波动更小,振动明显降低,有效解决了步行轮多边形效应引起的振动问题。     

不同时间打顶和去除底脚叶对烤烟产质量的影响

为田间优化烟叶结构提供理论依据,采用裂区试验设计研究不同时间打顶和去除底脚叶对烟叶产质量的影响。结果表明:1)打顶时间适当推迟,可改善外观质量,提高烟叶内在化学成分协调性,产值和产量略有降低,均价稍有提高。2)随着去除底脚叶时间推迟,顶叶成熟期推迟,叶片数极显著减少,株高、节距和最大叶宽略有增加,外观质量和内在化学成分协调性有所提高,产量极显著降低,产值显著降低,均价显著提高。以30%~50%中心花开放时打顶,当天去除4片底脚叶有利于提高烟叶的产质量。     

宁夏贺兰山东麓葡萄滴灌灌溉水肥一体化技术研究

以宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄为研究对象,分析在滴灌和沟灌条件下,不同灌溉量与施肥量对葡萄品质和生物特性以及土壤水分入渗特性的影响.研究表明:宁夏贺兰山东麓地区的沙土土质种植区滴灌更加有利于葡萄对水分和养分的利用,且灌溉水主要集中在40 cm×40 cm土体内,对于干旱区酿酒葡萄产量与品质,水分影响的程度更大;由于滴灌灌溉更有利于土壤盐分积累在葡萄根层范围内,应注意防止滴灌时的土壤次生盐渍化的发生;相对于沟灌条件下,滴灌更有助于葡萄品质与产量的提高;葡萄生育期滴灌灌溉量在4 500 m3/hm2时,产量和品质相对较好;考虑水资源缺乏时,可以选择4 050 m3/hm2.     

化学诱变结合离体选择选育胡椒抗瘟病无性系

在胡椒(PipernigrumLinn.)茎尖丛生芽增殖技术的基础上,以印尼大叶种“LampongType”无菌实生苗作外植体源,采用EMS(ethylmethanesulphonate)对胡椒茎尖进行化学诱变处理,并结合辣椒疫霉(Phytophthoracapsici)培养滤液对胡椒茎尖及其增殖形成的丛生芽进行离体选择。结果表明,利用EMS在胡椒茎尖接种前进行化学诱变可提高抗瘟病变异体的产生频率。利用EMS不同浓度和不同时间对胡椒实生苗茎尖处理后接种,不经离体选择,直接在再生植株上进行抗病检测,抗性植株频率在4.3%￣26.67%之间,而不施用化学诱变的处理则未获得抗性植株。利用不同浓度EMS和不同诱变处理时间结合不同浓度的辣椒疫霉培养滤液离体选择,各种组合所获得的抗性植株比率在33.33%￣100%范围,但各种组合均较EMS和辣椒疫霉培养滤液单独处理的要高,其中以1.0%EMS处理60min结合25%辣椒疫霉培养滤液处理的最好。     

Pedal bone fractures

Fractures of the pedal bone are usually the result of direct trauma, and are relatively commonly encountered in equine practice. Either front or hind feet may be affected. Seven distinct fracture types are recognised. Type I fractures involve the palmar/plantar process and do not enter the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint. Type II fractures are oblique or parasagittal fractures that are articular but are not on the midline. Type III fractures are midline articular fractures that bisect the pedal bone into 2 equal halves. Type IV fractures involve the extensor (pyramidal) process of the pedal bone. Type V fractures are comminuted and split the pedal bone into multiple fragments. Type VI fractures are solar margin fractures. Type VII fractures are exclusive to foals and are also fractures of the solar margin. In most cases the onset of clinical signs is acute. The diagnosis is usually achieved by radiography, although computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging can be helpful in some cases. Treatment options include surgical and nonsurgical therapies. The prognosis for articular fractures (Types II and III) is worse than for nonarticular fractures (Types I, IV, VI and VII) because of the likelihood of osteoarthritis within the DIP joint. Nonarticular fractures carry a good prognosis if a long enough convalescence is undertaken. Comminuted fractures (Type V) carry a poor, but not hopeless, prognosis.     

Injuries associated with the cartilages of the foot

There is a growing body of evidence that uniaxial or biaxial ossification of the cartilages of the foot should not be discounted as irrelevant in a lame horse, especially if extensive. Potential causes of pain and lameness include primary injury of an ossified cartilage and/or the ipsilateral aspect of the distal phalanx, injury of the chondrocoronal or chondrosesamoidean ligaments and desmopathy of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint.     

Current concepts of navicular disease

Navicular disease is unlikely to be a single disease. The close anatomical and functional relationships between the navicular bone, collateral sesamoidean ligament, distal sesamoidean impar ligament, deep digital flexor tendon, navicular bursa and distal interphalangeal joint result in the frequent occurrence of combinations of injuries. There are a number of different pathological processes that affect the navicular bone, which probably have different aetiopathogeneses. While there is strong evidence that biomechanical forces may result in failure of functional adaptation and excessive modelling, it is likely that each disease or injury type has a multifactorial cause.